Understanding the environmental fate and removal strategies of phenylurea herbicides: A comprehensive review

Phenylurea herbicides have long been utilized in agricultural practices for their efficacy in weed control. They play a significant role in modern agriculture, aiding in crop protection. However, their extensive use raises concerns about their environmental fate and potential adverse impacts on ecosystems thus prompting extensive research into their fate and removal strategies. This comprehensive review explores the environmental fate of phenylurea herbicides, focusing on their persistence, mobility, and bioavailability. Furthermore, the ecological consequences of their presence, such as effects on non-target organisms and potential for bioaccumulation, have also been analysed. The review also provides an in-depth analysis of removal strategies, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological methods, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations. The present study offers insights into successful applications and challenges encountered in removing phenylurea herbicides from environmental matrices. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and environmental practitioners seeking a comprehensive understanding of phenylurea herbicides' and addressing the environmental risks associated with them, guiding efforts toward their safe and effective use while preserving environmental quality and biodiversity.