Zeolite and metal-organic framework based microporous crystalline materials in adsorption separation of C4 hydrocarbons

The quest for energy-efficient and environmentally benign methods for separating C4 hydrocarbon mixtures has led to the exploration of porous materials, with zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), especially MOFs at the forefront. These materials exhibit tunable pore sizes, diverse chemical functionalities, and the capacity for structural transformation in response to external stimuli, attributes that are highly desirable for separation processes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the fundamental principles governing the adsorptive separation of C4 hydrocarbons, including thermodynamic, kinetic, molecular sieving, responsive framework separation, and guest conformation-controlled mechanisms. It also examines strategies to enhance the selectivity and stability of porous materials, such as the introduction of open metal sites, functional group modifications, and the engineering of flexible frameworks. The discussion extends to the current limitations and challenges in the industrial application of these materials. By synthesizing recent breakthroughs and identifying pivotal research directions, this review aims to offer a strategic roadmap for future research endeavors.