Regulation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced macrophage autophagy and apoptosis by the AMPK–mTOR–ULK1 pathway

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic wasting infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) or Mycobacterium bovis that can be transmitted among people and domestic animals. During the development of TB, macrophages of the innate immune system can act against MTB via autophagy and apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease. Among the many autophagy regulatory pathways, the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)–activated protein kinase (AMPK)–mammalian rapamycin target protein (mTOR)–Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) pathway has received considerable attention. This study investigates the regulatory role of the AMPK–mTOR–ULK1 pathway in attenuating M. bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-induced autophagy and apoptosis in murine monocyte macrophages (RAW264.7). Changes in macrophage autophagy and apoptosis were analyzed using the AMPK activator AICAR and inhibitor Compound C to interfere with the AMPK–mTOR–ULK1 pathway and siRNA to silence the pathway. Consequently, BCG stimulation of macrophages significantly activated the AMPK–mTOR–ULK1 pathway while BCG-induced macrophage AMPK activation promoted macrophage autophagy and apoptosis. Activation of the AMPK–mTOR–ULK1 pathway by AICAR significantly improved autophagy occurrence in BCG-induced macrophages and increased apoptosis while Compound C with siRNA produced opposing effects by attenuating autophagy and apoptosis in BCG-induced macrophages. Thus, the AMPK–mTOR–ULK1 pathway has a dual regulatory role in BCG-induced macrophage autophagy and apoptosis and may have synergistic effects. This study analyzes the mechanism of resistance of host cells to MTB and provides a theoretical basis for new therapeutic strategies and related drug development.