Constraining the origin of the Norwegian strandflat – The influence of isostatic and dynamic surface changes

The Norwegian strandflat is a prominent low-relief bedrock surface found near sea level along most of the west coast of Norway. Its origin has been discussed throughout the last 130 years but is yet to be resolved. Some studies suggest that the strandflat represent a tropical weathering front of Mesozoic age that has since been buried and re-exhumed, while others relate its origin to Pleistocene periglacial and glacial processes and/or wave-induced weathering and erosion. Previous interpretations of the strandflat have considered postglacial isostatic uplift, but the impacts of isostatic changes due to glacial erosion and deposition, as well as dynamic surface changes driven by mantle convection, have been largely overlooked. Here we examine how geomorphological-driven isostatic changes and dynamic surface changes have influenced the land-surface elevation along the Norwegian coast during late Pliocene-Quaternary (the last ca. 3 million years). We employ quantitative estimates of glacial erosion and deposition to assess the flexural isostatic response from the resulting load changes. Our analyses show that patterns of geomorphic isostatic adjustments and dynamic surface changes are generally not reflected in the present elevation of the strandflat. Only the loading effect from the deposition of the North Sea Fan can clearly be correlated with the submerged strandflat found near Stad (∼62 °N). Our results imply that if the strandflat formed synchronously along the Norwegian coast as a flat surface at sea level, the strandflat we observe today must have developed after the majority of late Pliocene-Quaternary glacial erosion took place, but prior to the main deposition of the North Sea Fan. This would place strandflat formation within the last few glacial cycles, but before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This inferred pre-LGM age of the strandflat is generally consistent with cosmogenic nuclide exposure ages and observed striations on the strandflat. Finally, we examine ice cover and land-surface changes relative to sea level during the last 80,000 years and find no extended periods favorable for synchronous strandflat formation across all regions along the Norwegian coast. This implies that either the strandflat is diachronous, or that the processes of formation have either been extremely fast under certain conditions or are independent of sea level, for instance related to glacial erosion.