Geomorphology最新文献

Source-to-sink sediment transport and geomorphic controls along large river systems 大型河流水系的源-库输沙及地貌控制

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110196

Jing Yang , Junsheng Nie , Xiaofei Hu , Haobo Zhang , Wanfeng Chen , Zeng Luo , Hansheng Wang , Taian Chen , Lindani Ncube , Baojin Zhao

Marginal-sea sediments are valuable archives for reconstructing terrestrial landscape evolution and environmental change. However, sediment transport in large river systems is a complex process involving deposition, storage, re-entrainment, and inputs from new sediment sources, resulting in differences in mineralogical, geochemical, and geochronological characteristics between upstream and estuarine sediments. Understanding the source-to-sink pathways of modern river sediments is therefore critical for accurately interpreting terrestrial signals preserved in marginal-sea sediments. In this study, we investigate modern Limpopo River sediments and marginal-sea sediments near its river mouth using a multi-proxy provenance approach that includes Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes, heavy-mineral assemblages, and detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology to trace provenance changes from source to sink. Results indicate that the steep middle reaches of the Limpopo River constitute a first-order sediment source for modern marginal-sea sediments. Comparative analysis with the Zambezi River and other major rivers, such as the Mississippi and Mekong, reveals two sediment-routing patterns linked to longitudinal-profile morphology: in rivers with stepped profiles, estuarine sediments largely originate from the steepest reaches nearest to the river mouth, whereas rivers with concave-up longitudinal profiles tend to exhibit direct upstream sediment delivery. These findings underscore the role of longitudinal-profile morphology in controlling sediment transport from source to sink, thus providing new insights into source-to-sink relationships and contributing to the interpretation of landscape evolution and regional climate change in southern Africa.

边缘海沉积物是重建陆地景观演化和环境变化的宝贵档案。然而，大型河流系统中的沉积物运输是一个复杂的过程，涉及沉积，储存，再夹带和新沉积物来源的输入，导致上游和河口沉积物在矿物学，地球化学和年代学特征上的差异。因此，了解现代河流沉积物的源-汇路径对于准确解释保存在边缘海沉积物中的陆地信号至关重要。本文采用Sr-Nd-Hf同位素、重矿物组合、碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学等多代物源方法，研究了林波波河现代沉积物及其河口附近的边缘海沉积物，以追踪物源到汇的物源变化。结果表明，林波波河中游的陡坡为近岸海沉积物的一级沉积源。与赞比西河和其他主要河流（如密西西比河和湄公河）的比较分析揭示了与纵向剖面形态相关的两种沉积物路径模式：在阶梯剖面的河流中，河口沉积物主要来自最靠近河口的最陡峭的河段，而纵向剖面凹陷的河流则倾向于直接向上游输送沉积物。这些发现强调了纵向剖面形态在控制沉积物从源到库的运移中的作用，从而为研究源到库的关系提供了新的见解，并有助于解释南部非洲的景观演变和区域气候变化。

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引用次数: 0

An abandoned road as a debris trap: Estimating debris-supply rate from steep slopes based on UAV–LiDAR DEMs 作为碎片陷阱的废弃道路：基于无人机-激光雷达dem的陡坡碎片供应率估算

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110193

Shunsuke Harada , Tsuyoshi Hattanji , Takuro Ogura , Yuichi, S. Hayakawa

The debris-supply rate is an important factor that controls the frequency of debris flows in steep headwater streams. However, the decadal-scale observation of debris supply has been technically difficult. This study proposes a new method using abandoned roads to estimate debris-supply rate by rockfall into debris-flow prone channels for a decadal timescale. Debris deposits on a road that had been abandoned for 31 years were surveyed using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with light detection and ranging (LiDAR), considering the abandoned road as a trap. The surveyed road is located in a high mountain range in central Japan, where rockfalls and debris flows are active with a high uplift rate of approximately 4 mm/yr. The 4.75-km long abandoned road was divided into 96 road segments, and the debris deposit forms on these segments were classified into several types depending on geomorphic processes and its activity. Debris accumulates rapidly due to rockfalls on road segments with mean slopes of >45° and a contributing area > 2000 m². Debris transport by water flow or debris flow were common at segments with a large contributing area > 26,000 m². The estimated volume of debris supply from slopes to a given source area of debris flow (contributing area of 10,000–20,000 m²) is 70–93 m³/yr, and this value reveals that runoff-generated debris flows may occur every few decades. Our method using abandoned roads is useful to estimate debris-supply rate by rockfall into debris-flow prone channels for a decadal timescale.

陡源流的供沙率是控制泥石流发生频率的重要因素。然而，十年尺度的碎片供应观测在技术上是困难的。本研究提出了一种新的方法，利用废弃的道路来估计十年时间尺度上易发生泥石流的通道中岩崩的碎屑供应率。将废弃的道路视为陷阱，使用具有光探测和测距（LiDAR）的无人驾驶飞行器（UAV）对废弃31年的道路上的碎屑沉积物进行了调查。所调查的道路位于日本中部的一个高山山脉中，那里的落石和泥石流活动频繁，隆起率约为每年4毫米。将长4.75 km的废弃公路划分为96个路段，并根据不同的地貌过程和活动情况，将这些路段上的碎屑沉积形式划分为几种类型。在平均坡度为45°、贡献面积为2000平方米的路段，由于落石，碎片迅速堆积。在贡献面积为26000 m2的区段，水流或泥石流搬运碎屑较为常见。从斜坡到给定泥石流源区（贡献面积为10,000-20,000 m2）的碎屑供应量估计为70-93 m3/年，该值表明径流产生的泥石流可能每几十年发生一次。我们的方法使用废弃的道路是有用的，以年代际尺度估计岩崩到泥石流易发渠道的碎片供应率。

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引用次数: 0

Glacial valley erosion controls on subsurface hydrology: Speleogenesis of Stortuvhola cave, sub-Arctic Norway 冰川谷侵蚀对地下水文的控制：挪威亚北极地区Stortuvhola洞穴的洞穴形成

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110191

Christos Pennos , Rannveig Øvrevik Skoglund , Magnus Thorvik , Stein-Erik Lauritzen

We use Stortuvhola cave, developed in a narrow Caledonian marble band in sub-Arctic Norway, as an archive to study the interplay between glacial and interglacial hydrological regimes. We integrate detailed cave surveying, sedimentological mapping, U-Th dating of a relict flowstone, and high-resolution DTM analysis of the Aspfjordelva basin to reconstruct the cave's evolutionary history and its geomorphic context. Three superposed phreatic levels are identified: (i) a relict, sediment-choked upper tier; (ii) an extensive mid-level effluent maze attributed to ice-contact speleogenesis; and (iii) a lower active network that captured a modern stream. Keyhole canyons incised into the mid- and lower levels indicate two major vadose phases driven by valley deepening. U-Th ages provide a broad minimum age of 318 ka for the onset of vadose conditions in the upper passages although uncertainties remain. Surface analysis reveals numerous knickpoints, and possible remnants of former valley floors, implying a stepwise glacial erosion and southeastward migration of fluvial incision following successive glacial retreats. We propose a conceptual model in which alternating glacial and interglacial conditions progressively lowered the regional water table, re-organized drainage connectivity, and modulated speleogenetic rates. Dolines and collapse chimneys document late glacial to Holocene capture of surface runoff, sustaining the present streamway while leaving the youngest phreatic conduits essentially dry. In combination, cave and surface records capture at least three glacial–fluvial cycles and highlight the primary role of drainage connectivity relative to lithology and fracture density on subsurface hydrology in high-latitude marble karst.

我们使用Stortuvhola洞穴，在挪威亚北极狭窄的加里东大理石带中发育，作为研究冰川和间冰期水文制度之间相互作用的档案。我们综合了详细的洞穴测量、沉积学制图、遗存流石U-Th定年以及Aspfjordelva盆地的高分辨率DTM分析，重建了洞穴的演化历史和地貌背景。确定了三个叠加的潜水层：(i)一个遗存的、沉积物堵塞的上层；（ii）大面积的中层污水迷宫，归因于与冰接触的洞穴形成；（iii）捕获现代流的较低活跃网络。切入中部和下部的锁孔峡谷显示了由山谷加深驱动的两个主要气相。U-Th年龄提供了一个广泛的最小年龄为318 ka，尽管存在不确定性。地表分析揭示了大量的裂缝点，以及可能的前谷底遗迹，这意味着在连续的冰川退缩之后，冰川侵蚀和河流切口逐渐向东南迁移。我们提出了一个概念模型，在这个模型中，交替的冰期和间冰期条件逐渐降低了区域地下水位，重新组织了排水连通性，并调节了洞穴形成速率。Dolines和塌陷的烟囱记录了冰川晚期到全新世的地表径流捕获，维持了现在的河道，而使最年轻的潜水管道基本上干燥。综合起来，洞穴和地表记录记录了至少三个冰川-河流旋回，突出了高纬度大理岩岩溶地下水文中相对于岩性和裂缝密度的排水连通性的主要作用。

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引用次数: 0

Bank erosion modeling in the Middle Yangtze River: New dynamic model vs. HEC-RAS 长江中游岸蚀模拟：新动态模型与HEC-RAS

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110192

Lizhi Dong , Junqiang Xia , Shanshan Deng , Heng Zhu , Yueyao Zhou

Bank erosion is a critical geomorphic process resulting from the complex interaction between flow-sediment dynamics and riverbed boundaries, posing significant threats to flood control and navigation safety. Accurate prediction of such events remains challenging due to the intricate coupling of river water, groundwater, and soil mechanics. To address this issue, this study improves a one-dimensional (1D) bed deformation and bank erosion model (1DBEM), which couples the modules for flow and sediment transport, bed deformation, bank erosion, and groundwater level calculation. The proposed model was applied to the Middle Yangtze River, and the simulated results were compared with those obtained using HEC-RAS to evaluate performance. The results show that: (i) 1DBEM achieves high accuracy in simulating discharge, water level, and suspended sediment concentration, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values of 0.998, 0.995, and 0.850 at the Shashi hydrological station, outperforming the HEC-RAS (0.993, 0.990, and 0.572); (ii) the prediction precision of bank erosion locations reaches 60%, compared with 44% for HEC-RAS; (iii) the root mean square errors between the simulated and measured groundwater levels at the Xiangjiazhou and Beimenkou monitoring wells were 0.36 m and 0.39 m for 1DBEM, outperforming the 1.02 m obtained with HEC-RAS; and (iv) the two models exhibit consistent trends in bank slope stability factors, confirming the rationality of the 1DBEM approach. Overall, the improved model provides an effective tool for assessing bank erosion risk and managing flood safety.

河岸侵蚀是流沙动力学与河床边界复杂相互作用的重要地貌过程，对防洪和航行安全构成重大威胁。由于河水、地下水和土壤力学的复杂耦合，对此类事件的准确预测仍然具有挑战性。为了解决这一问题，本研究改进了一维河床变形和河岸侵蚀模型（1DBEM），该模型将流沙输运、河床变形、河岸侵蚀和地下水位计算等模块耦合在一起。将该模型应用于长江中游，并与HEC-RAS模拟结果进行了比较。结果表明：(1)1DBEM在模拟流量、水位和悬沙浓度方面具有较高的精度，在沙市水水站的ash - sutcliffe效率分别为0.998、0.995和0.850，优于HEC-RAS(0.993、0.990和0.572)；（ii）岸蚀位置的预测精度达到60%，而HEC-RAS的预测精度为44%；(3) 1DBEM下，湘家洲和北门口监测井的地下水位模拟值与实测值的均方根误差分别为0.36 m和0.39 m，优于HEC-RAS法的1.02 m；(4)两种模型对岸坡稳定因子的变化趋势一致，证实了1DBEM方法的合理性。总体而言，改进后的模型为评估河岸侵蚀风险和管理洪水安全提供了有效的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Quaternary volcanism and segmented rupture of the Yilan-Yitong Fault Zone, NE China 宜兰-伊通断裂带第四纪火山作用与分段破裂

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110189

Zhongyuan Yu , Lingqiang Zhao , Yanlin Yang , Luwei Li , Baixu Chen

Although it has been speculated that the Quaternary volcanism may have affected the segmented rupture of active faults, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The NE-trending, ∼700 km-long Yilan-Yitong Fault Zone (YYFZ), as the main branch of the Tancheng-Lujiang Fault Zone (TLFZ) in NE China, provides a very good laboratory to verify this hypothesis, given its distinct Quaternary volcanic eruptions and segmented late Quaternary activities. The previous study revealed that the Shulan segment of the YYFZ experienced intensive deformation during the Late Quaternary, whereas no surface evidence of tectonic deformation during the Late Quaternary was found in the Yitong segment, despite the greater intensity and spatial distribution of Quaternary volcanic eruptions along the latter. An interesting phenomenon is that the co-seismic surface ruptures of the active segments of the YYFZ “bypassed or terminated” from the Quaternary volcanoes. Thus, the Yitong and the Shulan segments of the YYFZ were selected here to further analyze the relationship between the Quaternary volcanism and segmented ruptures, based on high-resolution satellite image interpretation, large-scale geological and geomorphological mapping, magnetotelluric (MT) detection, trench excavation, and Quaternary chronological testing. The integrated data suggest that Quaternary volcanism influenced the strong earthquake rupture propagation process of the YYFZ. The MT data revealed the existence of hot magma chambers in the deeper part of the Yitong section, however, did not developed in the deeper part of the Shulan section. The underlying magma chambers may influence the rupture propagation process and segmentation of active faults by the mechanism of high-temperature bodies, the heterogeneity of fault structure and mechanical properties near the crater, and diffusion adjustment. This new observation is crucial both for the study of the Quaternary volcanism and segmented rupture of the active faults in NE China, and for the hazard assessment of strong earthquakes in similar tectonic settings worldwide.

虽然第四纪火山作用可能影响了活动断裂的分段破裂，但其作用机制尚不清楚。东东走向的宜兰-伊通断裂带（YYFZ）是中国东北部郯城-庐江断裂带（TLFZ）的主要分支，长约700公里，由于其独特的第四纪火山喷发和分段的晚第四纪活动，为验证这一假设提供了很好的实验室。前人的研究表明，YYFZ的舒兰段在晚第四纪经历了强烈的变形，而伊通段没有发现晚第四纪构造变形的地表证据，但伊通段的第四纪火山喷发强度和空间分布更大。一个有趣的现象是，YYFZ活动段的同震地表破裂“绕过或终止”第四纪火山。为此，在高分辨率卫星图像解译、大尺度地质地貌填图、大地电磁探测、沟槽挖掘、第四纪年代学检验等基础上，选择YYFZ的伊通段和舒兰段，进一步分析第四纪火山活动与分段破裂的关系。综合资料表明，第四纪火山作用影响了YYFZ的强震破裂传播过程。MT资料显示，伊通剖面深部存在热岩浆房，而舒兰剖面深部未发育热岩浆房。下伏岩浆房可能通过高温体、火山口附近断层结构和力学性质的非均质性以及扩散调节等机制影响活动断层的破裂扩展过程和分段。这一新的观测结果对于研究中国东北地区第四纪火山作用和活动断裂的分段破裂，以及世界范围内类似构造环境下强震的危险性评价具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Lessons learned from a post flood-reconstruction project of an urban stream (Resilient St. Vrain, Longmont, Colorado, USA) 城市河流灾后重建项目的经验教训（美国科罗拉多州朗蒙特弹性圣Vrain）

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110161

Sharon Bywater-Reyes , Antonio Reveles-Hernandez , Keaton MacMillan , Sarah Holland , Mimi Dunda , Nathan Duggins , Jeremy Burton

We evaluated the effectiveness of an urban river engineering project by characterizing: 1) geomorphic complexity and bed mobility; 2) vegetation-channel-flow relationships, and 3) the ability to withstand future 100-year flow events for St. Vrain Creek (Longmont, Colorado, USA). As such, we collected physical and ecological parameters within the reconstructed channel. Surveys indicate a coarser grain size than expected for a pool-riffle setting. Slope was as designed (0.003), with local variations correlated to observed grain-size patterns. Shear-stress divergence from hydraulic modeling predicts locations of observed depositional areas, with additional deposition expected in certain areas because of vegetation-flow relationships.

The reconstructed channel has a narrower, but deeper 100-year flood zone. The revegetation strategy relied on a one-time planting strategy and a plan to remove any naturally recruited vegetation indefinitely. Vegetation surveys indicate outcomes were dependent on timing and variability in replanting, with the highest diversity in the reach restored most recently (Reach 3; index 1.43) followed by the reach restored first (Reach 1A; index 1.11); the former because of more diverse plantings and the latter because of more time for naturally recruited species. However, vegetation roughness was highest (

n

= 0.32) in a low-diversity reach (Reach 1B; index of 0.68). Reach 1B additionally showed vegetation characteristics expected to enhance aggradation and is predicted to be inundated by Q₂ through Q₁₀₀ flows, which will enhance morphodynamic interactions. Nevertheless, the channel has the capacity to carry the 100-year flood, showing the flood mitigation goals were met, whereas ecological goals have mixed outcomes.

我们通过以下特征来评估城市河流工程项目的有效性：1)地貌复杂性和河床流动性；2)植被-河道-水流关系，以及3)St. Vrain Creek（美国科罗拉多州朗蒙特）未来100年水流事件的承受能力。因此，我们收集了重建河道内的物理和生态参数。调查表明，其颗粒尺寸比池式步枪的预期尺寸要大。坡度与设计值一致（0.003），局部变化与观测到的粒度模式相关。水力模拟的剪切应力发散预测了观测到的沉积区域的位置，由于植被-流动关系，预计在某些地区会有额外的沉积。改造后的河道具有较窄但较深的百年洪涝带。植被恢复策略依赖于一次性种植策略和无限期移除任何自然吸收植被的计划。植被调查显示，植被恢复的结果取决于补种的时间和变异性，其中最近恢复的河段（河段3，指数1.43）多样性最高，其次是最先恢复的河段（河段1A，指数1.11）；前者是因为种植更多样化，后者是因为自然吸收的物种有更多的时间。低多样性河段（1B河段）植被粗糙度最高，n = 0.32，指数为0.68。河段1B还显示出植被特征，预计会增强淤积，预计会被Q2至Q100流量淹没，这将增强形态动力学相互作用。然而，该通道具有承载百年洪水的能力，表明洪水缓解目标已经实现，而生态目标则有不同的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Control of tectonic uplift and erosion on landscape evolution across the Longmen Shan: Insights from numerical modeling 构造隆升和侵蚀对龙门山景观演化的控制：数值模拟的启示

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110188

Liuye Wang , Yujun Sun , Xiaoping Yuan

The Longmen Shan orogenic belt, at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, is a prominent tectonic deformation zone formed by eastward plateau extrusion against the Sichuan Basin. Marked north-south contrasts exist in landscape morphology, deformation mechanisms, and erosion history, yet their geodynamic origins remain debated. Using numerical models constrained by thermochronological data and geomorphic observations, we evaluated how surface erosion parameters, tectonic uplift velocity, and lithological contrasts shape fluvial landscapes and longitudinal profiles. Without tectonic uplift, differences between the Min River (southern segment) and Fu River (northern segment) profiles can be explained by erosion duration. Starting from an initial topography resembling the modern upper Min River, the landscape requires 5–20 Myr of additional erosion to evolve into one similar to the present-day upper Fu River. This process involves low erosion on the plateau and basin sides but substantial erosion in the intervening orogenic belt, matching spatial patterns in thermochronological ages. The results with tectonic uplift indicate that preserving steep topography in the southern segment requires higher vertical uplift velocity, while lower velocities maintain the subdued northern relief, consistent with present-day uplift patterns. Spatial variations in erosion parameters linked to lithological heterogeneity also influence knickpoint formation and profile segmentation. These results indicate that the geomorphic contrast between the southern and northern Longmen Shan arises from the combined effects of heterogeneous uplift and spatially variable surface processes. Sustaining steep topography since the Miocene requires high uplift velocity in the Minshan region and southern segment of the Longmen Shan, corresponding to the Huya Fault and southern Longmen Shan Fault Zone, likely marking the eastern boundary of the Songpan-Ganzi block.

龙门山造山带位于青藏高原东缘，是青藏高原东挤压四川盆地形成的一个突出的构造变形带。在景观形态、变形机制和侵蚀历史上存在明显的南北差异，但它们的地球动力学起源仍存在争议。利用受热年代学数据和地貌观测约束的数值模型，我们评估了地表侵蚀参数、构造隆升速度和岩性对比如何塑造河流景观和纵向剖面。在没有构造隆升的情况下，闽江（南段）剖面与富河（北段）剖面的差异可以用侵蚀时间来解释。从最初类似于现代岷江上游的地形开始，景观需要5-20兆尔的额外侵蚀才能演变成类似于今天的闽江上游的地形。这一过程包括高原和盆地两侧的低侵蚀，但中间造山带的大量侵蚀，与热年代学的空间格局相匹配。构造隆升的结果表明，保持南段的陡峭地形需要较高的垂直隆升速度，而较低的垂直隆升速度则维持了北部的平缓起伏，与现今的隆升模式一致。与岩性非均质性相关的侵蚀参数的空间变化也会影响裂缝点的形成和剖面分割。这些结果表明，龙门山南北地貌差异是由非均质隆升和空间变化的地表过程共同作用的结果。中新世以来持续的陡峭地形要求岷山地区和龙门山南段的高隆升速度，对应虎牙断裂和龙门山南段断裂带，可能标志着松潘-甘孜地块的东部边界。

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引用次数: 0

Frequency-magnitude analysis of megafloods: Quantifying sediment transport and geomorphic effectiveness in the Tsangpo Gorge, eastern Himalaya 特大洪水的频率-震级分析：定量分析喜马拉雅东部雅鲁藏布峡的泥沙输运和地貌有效性

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110187

Xiaolu Dong , Xianyan Wang , Elad Dente , Long Yang , Baotian Pan , Huayu Lu

Extreme outburst floods are among the most powerful agents of landscape evolution in steep, tectonically active terrains. While evidence of such megafloods is widespread across the eastern Himalaya, their frequency-magnitude relationship remains poorly constrained, limiting our understanding of their cumulative role in long-term landscape evolution. Here, we integrate paleoflood chronostratigraphy record, 2D hydraulic simulations, and sediment transport analysis to reconstruct the timing, magnitude, and geomorphic effectiveness of megafloods (1–5 × 10⁶ m³/s) in the Yarlung Tsangpo Gorge since the Last Glacial period. A meta-analysis of 85 reported outburst flood deposits reveals at least nine discrete megaflood events, which cluster during intervals of global climate warming and intensified monsoon precipitation. Our results demonstrate an inverse correlation between flood magnitude and recurrence frequency. Intermediate-magnitude events (discharge of 2–3 × 10⁶ m³/s; n = 5) were the most geomorphologically effective due to their higher recurrence rate, accounting for ∼64% of the total sediment volume (∼13 km³) transported by megafloods (∼13 km³). In comparison, the largest recorded event (discharge of 4 × 10⁶ m³/s) mobilized a substantial volume of sediment (∼3.4 km³), which comprises only ∼25% of the cumulative megaflood sediment transport in this gorge. These findings emphasize the critical role of relatively frequent, intermediate-magnitude mega-events in driving long-term landscape evolution in high-energy mountainous settings. Furthermore, we show that post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the recurrence interval of megafloods shortened from 1-in-10,000 to 1-in-4,000 years, indicating an accelerated fluvial geomorphic processes in the eastern Himalaya during the late Quaternary. Our findings highlight the frequency-magnitude dynamics of megafloods and their nonlinear control on landscape evolution, providing a quantitative framework for assessing future outburst flood hazards and informing risk mitigation strategies in vulnerable mountainous regions.

在陡峭、构造活跃的地形中，极端溃决洪水是景观演变的最有力因素之一。虽然这种特大洪水的证据在喜马拉雅东部广泛存在，但它们的频率-震级关系仍然很不明确，限制了我们对它们在长期景观演变中的累积作用的理解。本文综合古洪水年代地层记录、二维水力模拟和输沙分析，重建了雅鲁藏布江末次冰期以来特大洪水（1-5 × 106 m3/s）的发生时间、震级和地貌有效性。对85个报道的溃决洪水沉积物的荟萃分析显示，至少有9个离散的特大洪水事件，这些事件聚集在全球气候变暖和季风降水加剧的间隔期间。我们的研究结果表明洪水的震级与复发频率呈负相关。中等震级事件（流量2-3 × 106 m3/s； n = 5）由于其较高的复发率而对地貌最有效，占特大洪水（~ 13 km3）输送的总泥沙体积（~ 13 km3）的~ 64%。相比之下，最大的记录事件（流量为4 × 106 m3/s）调动了大量泥沙（~ 3.4 km3），仅占该峡谷累计特大洪水泥沙运输量的~ 25%。这些发现强调了相对频繁、中等规模的特大事件在推动高能量山区长期景观演变中的关键作用。末次冰期极大期（LGM）后，大洪水的发生周期由1 / 10000年缩短为1 / 4000年，表明喜马拉雅东部晚第四纪河流地貌过程加快。我们的研究结果强调了特大洪水的频率-震级动态及其对景观演变的非线性控制，为评估未来的突发洪水灾害提供了定量框架，并为脆弱山区的风险缓解策略提供了信息。

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引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal sediment dynamics and vegetation recovery of a Mediterranean coastal dune system following an extreme event 极端事件后地中海海岸沙丘系统的时空泥沙动态和植被恢复

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110186

Miquel Mir-Gual, Josep Fortesa, Miquel Tomàs-Burguera, Alexandre Moragues, Julián García-Comendador, Jaume Company, Francisco Cuello, Jaume Servera, Joan Estrany

Coastal dunes in Mediterranean environments are dynamic geomorphic systems playing a crucial role in supporting biodiversity and protecting against coastal erosion, flooding, and sea-level rise. However, these systems are highly sensitive to anthropogenic pressures such as urbanization or land-use changes, which alter sediment dynamics and vegetation cover, ultimately reducing their resilience to environmental stressors. As a result, coastal dunes are particularly sensitive to natural and human-induced disturbances, which can disrupt their ecological and geomorphological equilibrium, posing significant challenges for their conservation. This study examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of Cala Mesquida (Mallorca, Spain), a Mediterranean coastal dune system affected by extreme perturbation and anthropogenic impacts. It analyses the impact of a 2001 coastal storm and evaluates the effectiveness of subsequent dune restoration measures. A multi-decadal assessment spanning 1956–2023 revealed severe impacts, particularly in 2001, with the destruction of the dune front through sediment transport reactivation, and significant vegetation degradation. The implementation in 2009 of nature-based management strategies by means of sediment retention traps and planting of psammophyte vegetation led to the ecosystem recovery and morphological stabilization, highlighting the potential of soft management measures to support ecosystem recovery. Understanding coastal dunes as sensitive terrestrial systems, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, findings emphasize how these systems are particularly vulnerable to disturbances such as coastal storms and human activities and, at the same time, they possess a significant capacity for recovery when supported by appropriate management practices.

地中海沿岸沙丘是动态地貌系统，在支持生物多样性和防止海岸侵蚀、洪水和海平面上升方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，这些系统对城市化或土地利用变化等人为压力高度敏感，这些压力会改变沉积物动态和植被覆盖，最终降低其对环境压力的适应能力。因此，海岸沙丘对自然和人为干扰特别敏感，这些干扰会破坏其生态和地貌平衡，对其保护构成重大挑战。本文研究了受极端扰动和人为影响的地中海海岸沙丘系统Cala Mesquida（西班牙马略卡岛）的时空动态。它分析了2001年海岸风暴的影响，并评估了随后的沙丘恢复措施的有效性。1956-2023年的多年代际评估显示，2001年的影响尤其严重，泥沙输运活化导致沙丘前缘遭到破坏，植被明显退化。2009年实施的以自然为本的管理策略，包括泥沙截流陷阱和沙生植物植被的种植，导致了生态系统的恢复和形态稳定，突出了软管理措施支持生态系统恢复的潜力。认识到海岸沙丘是敏感的陆地系统，受到自然和人为因素的影响，研究结果强调这些系统如何特别容易受到海岸风暴和人类活动等干扰，同时，在适当管理做法的支持下，它们具有重大的恢复能力。

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引用次数: 0

Evolution of rockfall risk following changes in hazard and exposure: Application to a road section in the Zermatt valley, Swiss Alps 随着危险和暴露的变化，岩崩风险的演变：在瑞士阿尔卑斯采尔马特山谷路段的应用

IF 3.1 2区地球科学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Geomorphology

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110190

Elsa Meisburger , Manon Farvacque , Nicolas Eckert , Christophe Corona , Franck Bourrier , Markus Stoffel

Due to rapid and intense socio-environmental transformations in rockfall-prone areas, risk assessment accounting for non-stationary conditions becomes a crucial issue for supporting long-term land-use zoning and adapting mitigation strategies. During the past few decades, several studies have examined the impacts of global warming on rockfall activity, especially at high-elevation sites. By contrast, concomitant changes in exposure, such as modifications in road traffic with changes in mountain tourism and social practices, have received little attention, making the overall changes in risks largely unknown. This study therefore proposes a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of the cantonal road in Balmatten (Zermatt Valley, Swiss Alps), which evaluates the respective and overall effects of rockfall frequency and traffic density changes on rockfall risks at three time steps: 1960, 2010 and 2060. The approach relies on strong, yet reasonable assumptions that minimize computational burden. Results demonstrate the significant impact of road traffic fluctuations (+818%) on risk estimates, which largely outweighs the effects of climate change (+100%) on rockfall risk over the 1960–2060 period. Despite several challenges inherent to the implementation of non-stationary QRA approaches, these findings demonstrate their value to support adaptation of mountain territories in a time of global change.

由于易落石地区的社会环境变化迅速而剧烈，考虑非平稳条件的风险评估成为支持长期土地利用分区和适应减灾战略的关键问题。在过去的几十年里，有几项研究调查了全球变暖对落石活动的影响，特别是在高海拔地区。相比之下，暴露的伴随变化，如道路交通的变化与山区旅游和社会习俗的变化，很少受到关注，使风险的总体变化在很大程度上未知。因此，本研究提出了Balmatten（瑞士阿尔卑斯采尔马特山谷）州公路的定量风险评估（QRA），以1960年、2010年和2060年三个时间步长分别评价落石频率和交通密度变化对落石风险的影响和总体影响。该方法依赖于强大而合理的假设，以最大限度地减少计算负担。结果表明，道路交通波动对风险估计的显著影响（+818%），大大超过了气候变化对1960-2060年期间岩崩风险的影响（+100%）。尽管实施非平稳QRA方法存在一些固有的挑战，但这些发现证明了它们在全球变化时期支持山区适应的价值。

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引用次数: 0