The potential of protein hydrolysates from marine by-products: Mechanisms, health benefits, applications, future prospects, and challenges

Growing consumer demand for fishery products has increased the quantity of by-products that are thrown out since they possess little market value, eventually led to unsustainable practices in the marine sectors and negative environmental repercussions. Marine by-products consist of high protein content, nutritional qualities and biological activities that are beneficial to human health. These valuable proteins could come from different sources and are often extracted using different operations. Therefore, this review focuses on several methods of using protein hydrolysis for extracting bioactive peptides from marine by-products. This review also discusses different sources of marine by-products that can yield bioactive peptides and their beneficial biological activities, such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticancer, anti-obesity, and other bioactivities, that are advantageous in a variety of industries, like food, cosmetics, aquaculture, and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the complications associated with using marine protein hydrolysates from their by-product as well as the sustainability of these technologies would be discussed.