Process Biochemistry最新文献

The utilization of biopolymer hydrogels to encapsulate and protect probiotics in foods

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.03.008

Great Iruoghene Edo , Alice Njolke Mafe , Patrick Othuke Akpoghelie , Tayser Sumer Gaaz , Emad Yousif , Obadiah Saveni Yusuf , Endurance Fegor Isoje , Ufuoma Augustina Igbuku , Rapheal Ajiri Opiti , Jimoh Lawal Ayinla , Arthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah , Dina S. Ahmed , Huzaifa Umar

Biopolymer hydrogels have emerged as a transformative technology for enhancing the stability, delivery, and efficacy of probiotics in food systems. These hydrogels provide robust protection against environmental stressors such as pH fluctuations, temperature extremes, and moisture, ensuring probiotic survival during processing, storage, and digestion. Their versatility allows for seamless integration into a wide range of food matrices, including beverages, baked goods, and plant-based products, resolving the growing consumer demand for functional foods that promote gut health. This review explores the potential of biopolymer hydrogels in probiotic encapsulation, emphasizing their role in controlled release and targeted delivery within the gastrointestinal tract. Despite their advantages, hurdles remain in optimizing formulations, refining encapsulation techniques, and expanding their application to non-traditional food systems. Future research should focus on strain-specific hydrogel designs, innovative probiotic carriers, and advanced delivery mechanisms to maximize probiotic functionality. From an industrial and commercial perspective, continued advancements in hydrogel technology could revolutionize the functional food and nutraceutical industries. By improving probiotic stability and bioavailability, biopolymer hydrogels present a promising avenue for developing next-generation health-promoting foods. This review highlights the latest advancements in hydrogel technology and its applications, underscoring its potential to shape the future of functional foods and contribute to a more sustainable and health-conscious food industry.

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引用次数: 0

Bioethanol production from delignified rice straw by using a novel crude recombinant enzyme cocktail in pre-saccharification simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.03.005

Premeshworii Devi Maibam , Arun Goyal

This study highlights the problem of differences in the optimum temperatures for the operation of enzymatic saccharification and fermentation processes for lignocellulosic bioethanol production. Therefore, to address this problem, the pre-saccharification simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) was carried out for bioethanol production from deep eutectic pretreated rice straw using crude recombinant bacterial enzyme cocktail and the process was statistically optimized by Central Composite Design approach. The three variables viz. pre-saccharification time, enzyme dosage and fermentation temperature were considered for maximizing the ethanol yield and productivity. Statistical analysis of PSSF optimization inferred that low pre-saccharification time (9.6–15 h) and crude enzyme dosage (above 60 FPU/g) significantly influence higher ethanol yield and productivity. Statistical optimization resulted in optimum conditions: 12.2 h pre-saccharification time, crude enzyme dosage (83.7 FPU/g), fermentation temperature (33.7°C) with predicted ethanol yield, 0.35 g/g and productivity, 0.63 g/L/h. The validation of the PSSF process at bioreactor-level in 1.0 L working volume under optimized conditions gave ethanol yield, 0.37 g/g and productivity, 0.82 g/L/h resulting in an overall yield of 182 L ethanol/tonne raw-RS. This study shows the applicability of crude recombinant enzyme cocktail preparation and the modeled PSSF process as a promising industrial approach for bioethanol production using rice straw.

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引用次数: 0

Cracking the lignocellulosic code: Comparative insights into various pretreatment techniques for enhanced degradation in cattle manure

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.03.006

Qian Zhang , Zhixuan Yin , Deming He , Wenjun Yan , Changqing Liu

High content of refractory lignocelluloses in cattle manure has long been a major bottleneck, severely hindering its anaerobic biogas production potential. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of thermal pretreatment, alkali pretreatment, and their combined approach on the degradation of lignocellulosic components within cattle manure. The results revealed that thermal-alkali pretreatment achieved the most significant improvement in lignocelluloses degradation, outperforming both alkali-only and thermal-only pretreatments, particularly in terms of lignin degradation. Notably, NaOH dosage was found to have a more pronounced impact on degradation efficiency than temperature. Under the most favorable pretreatment conditions, which involved a 2 % NaOH dosage and a temperature of 110 °C, the degradation efficiencies of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin reached 51.3 %, 26.5 %, and 45.7 %, respectively. This marked improvement led to the release of soluble biodegradable organics, including protein and carbohydrate, thereby enhancing the bioconversion potential in subsequent processes. Moreover, the release of ammonia and phosphate further elevated the possibility of efficient nutrients recovery, adding additional value to the pretreatment. Scanning electron microscopy analysis further revealed substantial alterations to the morphological characteristics of coarse fibers in cattle manure after the pretreatments, providing visual evidence of the enhanced degradation of lignocellulosic structure.

长期以来，牛粪中难于降解的木质纤维素含量高一直是一个主要瓶颈，严重阻碍了其厌氧沼气的生产潜力。本研究通过对比分析，评估了热预处理、碱预处理及其组合方法对牛粪中木质纤维素成分降解的影响。结果显示，热-碱预处理对木质纤维素降解的改善最为显著，优于纯碱预处理和纯热预处理，尤其是在木质素降解方面。值得注意的是，与温度相比，NaOH 的用量对降解效率的影响更为明显。在最有利的预处理条件下（NaOH 用量为 2 %、温度为 110 °C），半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解效率分别达到了 51.3 %、26.5 % 和 45.7 %。这一明显改善导致可溶性生物降解有机物（包括蛋白质和碳水化合物）的释放，从而提高了后续工艺的生物转化潜力。此外，氨和磷酸盐的释放进一步提高了有效回收养分的可能性，为预处理增加了额外的价值。扫描电子显微镜分析进一步揭示了预处理后牛粪中粗纤维形态特征的重大变化，为木质纤维素结构降解的增强提供了直观证据。

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引用次数: 0

Microbiological mechanisms and effects of dissimilatory iron reduction on combined contaminants bio-transformation: A review

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.03.004

Yue Yang, Haibo Li, Yajue Yuan, Yaqin Zheng, Tianle Zhang, Yichen Wu

Although dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) has been executed to degrade organic matters and reduce heavy metals simultaneously due to its unique extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanism, there is still a challenge to define a synergistic way for combined pollution control. Organic matters and heavy metals can serve as electron donators and acceptors respectively, and electrons will be indirectly transferred interactively via bio-transmembrane. Many literatures indicated that dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) can induce the ferric redox formation, and consequently promote the bio-metabolic activity, which could stimulate a series of beneficial reactions, such as bio-Fenton. Unfortunately, up to now, little was known about how and why DIRB can execute the above bio-transformation. A deep insight into EET and a systematic illustration of the DIRB-driving reactions will be helpful for understanding how DIRB works. The objective of this review is to focus on clarifying the EET of typical DIRB and revealing how DIR strengthen the combined pollution treatment. Most importantly, several gaps in the application of DIRB have been identified, along with proposed solutions, offering an innovative approach to addressing these challenges.

尽管由于其独特的胞外电子传递（EET）机制，溶铁还原菌（DIRB）可同时降解有机物和还原重金属，但如何确定一种协同方式来综合控制污染仍是一个挑战。有机物和重金属可分别作为电子供体和受体，电子通过生物跨膜间接交互转移。许多文献指出，溶铁还原（DIR）可诱导铁氧化还原形成，从而促进生物代谢活性，进而激发一系列有益反应，如生物芬顿。遗憾的是，迄今为止，人们对 DIRB 如何以及为何能实现上述生物转化知之甚少。深入了解 EET 和系统说明 DIRB 驱动反应将有助于理解 DIRB 的工作原理。本综述旨在重点阐明典型 DIRB 的 EET，并揭示 DIR 如何加强联合污染处理。最重要的是，我们发现了 DIRB 应用中的几个不足之处，并提出了解决方案，为应对这些挑战提供了一种创新方法。

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引用次数: 0

Trehalose-powered membraneless enzymatic fuel cell based on flexible alginate composite hydrogel bioelectrodes

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.03.003

Said Nawab , Chong Sha , Syed Bilal Shah , Hareef Ahmed Keerio , Zhiguang Zhu , Yang-Chun Yong

This study investigated the design and optimization of a membraneless flexible gel-type enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC) driven by trehalose for electricity generation. The EBFC was fabricated by printing bioelectrodes on non-woven fabrics encapsulating the enzymes in alginate composite hydrogel, and a conductive carbon layer was incorporated to improve electrochemical transfer. Optimization of trehalase loading revealed that a maximum power density of 4.69 μW/cm² was obtained with a trehalase loading of 3.5 U per 6 mL of 50 mM trehalose. Further optimization of the GOx-to-hydrogel ratio in the anode resulted in a maximum power density of 7.45 μW/cm². Evaluations at different trehalose concentrations demonstrated proportionate increases in voltage, power density, and current density, achieving the highest power density of 10.74 μW/cm² at 100 mM. Connecting three EBFCs in series considerably enhanced power output, achieving a four-fold improvement in power density to 41.32 μW/cm² compared to a single cell. The EBFC also generated power from cockroach hemolymph, with a maximum power density of 8.05 μW/cm². These results highlight that this flexible gel-type EBFC has the potential to be employed in the development of both trehalose-powered and glucose-powered EBFC.

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引用次数: 0

Improving 3′-sialyllactose biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by engineering Neisseria meningitidis 406Y α2,3-sialyltransferase

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.03.002

Qian Lin , Yuanlin Liu , Hao Wang , Zhaolin Huang , Wenbo Zhang , Mian Sheng , Yingying Zhu , Ruiyan Wang , Wanmeng Mu

3′-Sialyllactose (3′-SL, Neu5Acα2,3 Galβ1,4Glc), a prominent sialylated human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), has attracted significant attention due to its diverse physiological properties. The efficient α2,3-sialyltransferase (α2,3-SiaT) is crucial for the biosynthesis of 3′-SL. In this study, the 3′-SL biosynthetic pathway was constructed in EZAK (E. coli BL21(DE3) ΔlacZΔnanAΔnanK). 406NST, which exhibits a high 3′-SL yield and low by-product formation, was chosen for molecular modification. Five amino acid differences between 406NST and NST were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis. Subsequently, saturation mutagenesis was carried out at the D40 position, followed by superimposed multipoint mutagenesis to generate the optimal strain Z28 (406NST-D40R-N113D-P120H), resulting in an extracellular 3′-SL yield of 4.67 g/L in shake flasks. In a 5 L bioreactor, the extracellular 3′-SL yield reached 29.54 g/L, achieving an overall 3′-SL yield of 0.52 g/L/h and a lactose conversion yield of 0.62 mol 3′-SL/mol. In conclusion, a highly active and specific α2,3-SiaT was successfully constructed, significantly improving the yield of 3′-SL.

{"title":"Improving 3′-sialyllactose biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by engineering Neisseria meningitidis 406Y α2,3-sialyltransferase","authors":"Qian Lin , Yuanlin Liu , Hao Wang , Zhaolin Huang , Wenbo Zhang , Mian Sheng , Yingying Zhu , Ruiyan Wang , Wanmeng Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.procbio.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.procbio.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3′-Sialyllactose (3′-SL, Neu5Ac<em>α</em>2,3 Gal<em>β</em>1,4Glc), a prominent sialylated human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), has attracted significant attention due to its diverse physiological properties. The efficient <em>α</em>2,3-sialyltransferase (<em>α</em>2,3-SiaT) is crucial for the biosynthesis of 3′-SL. In this study, the 3′-SL biosynthetic pathway was constructed in EZAK (<em>E. coli</em> BL21(DE3) Δ<em>lacZ</em>Δ<em>nanA</em>Δ<em>nanK</em>). 406NST, which exhibits a high 3′-SL yield and low by-product formation, was chosen for molecular modification. Five amino acid differences between 406NST and NST were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis. Subsequently, saturation mutagenesis was carried out at the D40 position, followed by superimposed multipoint mutagenesis to generate the optimal strain Z28 (406NST-D40R-N113D-P120H), resulting in an extracellular 3′-SL yield of 4.67 g/L in shake flasks. In a 5 L bioreactor, the extracellular 3′-SL yield reached 29.54 g/L, achieving an overall 3′-SL yield of 0.52 g/L/h and a lactose conversion yield of 0.62 mol 3′-SL/mol. In conclusion, a highly active and specific <em>α</em>2,3-SiaT was successfully constructed, significantly improving the yield of 3′-SL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20811,"journal":{"name":"Process Biochemistry","volume":"153 ","pages":"Pages 11-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A higher C/N ratio enhances nitrogen treatment and the biodiesel characteristics of algal-bacterial bioflocs derived from aquaculture wastewater

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.02.007

Fangzheng Hu , Ruoyu Chen , Yao Li , Dachuan Sun , Hongxin Tan

One of the major issues facing intensive aquaculture is controlling pollution and converting nutrients in the effluent into usable biomass. This study investigated the generation of algal-bacterial bioflocs (ABBs) from Chlorella pyrenoidosa at different C/N ratios in aquaculture wastewater supplemented with glucose. Subsequently, we evaluated the nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism of this biomass, analyzed nutrient composition and potential as a biodiesel, conducted a thorough analysis of the microbial community. During the ABBs production, higher C/N ratio promoted the utilization of various forms of nitrogen, but resulted in more nitrogen losses. ABBs produced at high C/N ratio was more favorable for nitrogen conversion in light and dark conditions, especially at C/N 15, but unfavorable for crude protein (35.08 ± 1.89 %) and crude fat (13.01 ± 1.79 %) accumulation. Additionally, ABBs produced with glucose supplementation exhibited a higher cetane number, which is advantageous for producing eco-friendly, high-performance biodiesel. The high-throughput sequencing analysis demonstrated a significant abundance of Pesudomonas and Bacillus in high C/N ratio groups, which explained the higher removal efficiency and removal rate of nitrogen from wastewater. In conclusion, the addition of carbon sources improved both nitrogen removal and biodiesel performance of ABBs.

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引用次数: 0

High-performance carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized Au-Ag nanoparticles using gamma rays for management of the airborne fungus Aspergillus sydowii AGH-5 OP593090

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.02.014

Rasha Mohammad Fathy , Ghadir E. Daigham , Amira Y. Mahfouz

Background

The emergence of fungi resistant to existing antibiotics poses a challenge to scientists. Therefore, the use of nanoparticles as an alternative to antibiotics has become necessary in diseases treatment. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the antifungal effect of highly stable CMC/Au-Ag NPs against the human pathogenic fungi A. sydowii.

Methods

CMC/Au-Ag NPs were synthesized with gamma rays and characterized using “FTIR, XRD, DLS/zeta, SAED, SEM/EDX, and HR-TEM”. Antifungal potential of CMC/Au-Ag NPs against A. sydowii AGH-5 OP593090 was evaluated.

Results

The maximum nano-forming dose of gamma irradiation was 50 kGy. CMC/Au-Ag NPs were spherical mono-dispersed with an average diameter of 32.93 nm. CMC/Au-Ag NPs at 400 µL showed significant antifungal activity with an inhibition zone of 34.2 ± 1.23 mm and 86.10 % reduction of mycelia biomass. The CMC/Au-Ag NPs displayed low cytotoxicity on normal human skin cells with IC₅₀ of 800.6 ± 3.52 µg/mL. At 1000 µg/mL, CMC/Au-Ag NPs revealed anti-inflammatory activity of 71.25 % with human erythrocytes.

Conclusion

CMC/Au-Ag NPs exhibited considerable antifungal activity against A. sydowii, suggesting potential usage in medical fields. The novelty of this study is the use of gamma irradiation in low-dose to synthesize CMC/Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles and their first use against the human pathogenic fungus, A. sydowii.

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引用次数: 0

Functional evaluation of laminarin butyl esters: Antioxidant, skin-whitening, and anti-wrinkle properties

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.02.012

Kit-Leong Cheong , Keying Liu , Suresh Veeraperumal , Gowsika Jaikumar , Sathuvan Malairaj , Xiaofei Liu , Xuejing Jia , Peiying Zheng , Hengyi Jiang , Ruixu Cai , Saiyi Zhong , Udayakumar Veerabagu

Laminarin, a polysaccharide derived from brown algae, has gained attention for its potential biological activities. However, its application in cosmetic formulations is limited due to its functional properties. To enhance its bioavailability and performance, laminarin was modified through esterification to form laminarin butyl esters (LBE). This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, skin-whitening, and anti-wrinkle properties of LBE and assess its potential as a novel ingredient in skincare products. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro assays, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, both of which demonstrated significant free radical neutralizing capacity. Skin-whitening and anti-wrinkle activities were assessed by measuring the inhibition of tyrosinase and elastase. The results indicated that LBE exhibited significantly higher inhibitory effects than native laminarin, with tyrosinase inhibition reaching 26.7 % (compared to 4.7 % for laminarin) and elastase inhibition at 45.8 % (versus 18.5 % for laminarin). Additionally, LBE showed stronger anti-glycation activity, as it effectively inhibited Amadori products, dicarbonyl compounds, and advanced glycation end-products. These findings provide valuable insights into the modification of laminarin and its potential application in cosmetics, offering a foundation for the development of more effective, bioactive ingredients in the beauty industry.

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引用次数: 0

Effect of bubble size on microbial community in intermittently-aerated activated sludge process in wastewater treatment

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Process Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2025.02.011

Tetsuji Okamoto , Fumitake Takahashi , Mitsuhiko Koyama , Kiyohiko Nakasaki

Although finer aeration bubbles improve the oxygen dissolution efficiency and activated sludge treatment performance, the effects of the changes in bubble size on the microbial community in activated sludge during intermittent aeration are often unknown. This study investigated the effect of aeration bubble size on the total microbial community, including prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes, during wastewater treatment at a food-processing plant with intermittent aeration in a single-tank reactor. Two types of diffusers were employed, showing distinctly different bubble size distributions, as confirmed by the Sauter mean diameter and bubble diameter histograms. Although the wastewater was well treated regardless of the bubble size, the microorganisms involved in the treatment process varied widely in terms of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, the genus Thiothrix characteristically appeared in the fine-bubble reactor, whereas the genus Kouleothrix appeared in the large-bubble reactor. In eukaryotes, osmotrophs of the phylum Cryptomycota, a fungus, were found to be dominant in the fine-bubble reactors, whereas phagotrophs of the genera Arcella, Euglypha, and Parachela were found to be dominant in the large-bubble reactors. The anaerobic time per day (dissolved oxygen concentration of less than 0.1 mg/L) differed depending on the bubble size, and this was thought to be reflected in the differences in the microbial communities.

虽然较细的曝气泡可提高溶氧效率和活性污泥处理性能，但在间歇曝气过程中，气泡大小的变化对活性污泥中微生物群落的影响往往是未知的。本研究调查了一家食品加工厂在单池反应器中采用间歇曝气法处理废水时，曝气气泡大小对总微生物群落（包括原核生物（细菌）和真核生物）的影响。采用了两种类型的扩散器，显示出明显不同的气泡大小分布，萨特平均直径和气泡直径直方图证实了这一点。尽管无论气泡大小如何，废水都得到了很好的处理，但处理过程中涉及的微生物在原核生物和真核生物方面存在很大差异。在原核生物中，Thiothrix 属主要出现在细气泡反应器中，而 Kouleothrix 属则出现在大气泡反应器中。在真核生物中，真菌门（Cryptomycota）的渗养菌在细泡反应器中占主导地位，而噬养菌（Arcella、Euglypha 和 Parachela 属）在大泡反应器中占主导地位。每天的厌氧时间（溶解氧浓度小于 0.1 毫克/升）因气泡大小而异，这被认为反映在微生物群落的差异上。

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引用次数: 0