Existential aspects of breathlessness in serious disease.

Purpose of the review: Breathlessness may evoke existential threat but may also affect the person with serious illness or their caregiver/s in other important ways which can be considered 'existential'. This review explores existential aspects of breathlessness in people with serious illness and presents recent studies of assessment and management of associated distress and suffering.

Recent findings: Both existential distress and breathlessness are multidimensional and include a range of constructs, many of which have behavioural consequences. Existential distress tracks closely with distressing breathing potentially due to shared underlying neurobiological processing. Paradoxically 'contagious' and isolating effects of breathlessness and related distress have been recently highlighted. Approaches to screening and assessment vary. Preliminary studies have investigated novel approaches to breathing-related anxiety and existential distress.

Summary: Studies with existential constructs as outcome measures in people with breathlessness are scarce. Interventions for existential distress developed for those with malignant disease may be beneficial for those with non-malignant conditions, but adaptations may be required. Recently proposed taxonomies of existential distress/concerns may guide assessment and direct novel therapeutic interventions in people living with serious illness and breathlessness-related distress. Neglecting existential aspects of breathlessness represents a missed opportunity to support holistic well-being in people with serious illness.