Inventory of active rock glaciers and their distribution characteristics on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent mountainous regions

With the global climate change, glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and its adjacent mountainous regions are retreating rapidly, leading to an increase in active rock glaciers (ARGs) in front of glaciers. As crucial components of water resources in alpine regions and indicators of permafrost boundaries, ARGs reflect climatic and environmental changes on the QTP and its adjacent mountainous regions. However, the extensive scale of rock glacier development poses a challenge to field investigations and sampling, and manual visual interpretation requires substantial effort. Consequently, research on rock glacier cataloging and distribution characteristics across the entire area is scarce. This study statistically analyzed the geometric characteristics of ARGs using high-resolution GF-2 satellite images. It examined their spatial distribution and relationship with local factors. The findings reveal that 34,717 ARGs, covering an area of approximately 6873.54 km², with an average area of 0.19 ± 0.24 km², a maximum of 0.0012 km², and a minimum of 4.6086 km², were identified primarily in north-facing areas at elevations of 4300–5300 m and slopes of 9°–25°, predominantly in the Karakoram Mountains and the Himalayas. Notably, the largest concentration of ARGs was found on north-facing shady slopes, constituting about 42 % of the total amount, due to less solar radiation and lower near-surface temperatures favorable for interstitial ice preservation. This research enriches the foundational data on ARG distribution across the QTP and its adjacent mountainous regions, offering significant insights into the response mechanisms of rock glacier evolution to environmental changes and their environmental and engineering impacts.