Unraveling the metallogenic mechanisms of uranium-rich ore bodies: Insights from Xinqiaoxi’s pitchblende geochronology and pyrite geochemistry

Granite-related uranium deposits are essential for the global uranium supply, with the uranium-rich ore bodies within these deposits being crucial to their value. However, the sources of uranium, fluid characteristics, and metallogenic mechanisms within these uranium-rich ore bodies remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed pitchblende and pyrite from the Xinqiaoxi uranium deposit to determine uranium age and clarify the mineralization of uranium-rich ore bodies. The pitchblende samples provided a U-Pb age of 58.5 ± 3 Ma (MSWD = 3.4), closely aligns with the mineralization ages in other uranium deposits within the Xiazhuang uranium ore-field. This consistency suggests a significant uranium mineralization event in South China during this period. The vein-like and concentric structure of the pitchblende, coupled with its enrichment in U, Sr, As, W, and Mo but depletion in Th, Pb, and REEs, indicates a strong association with hydrothermal activity. Moreover, its REE pattern closely resembles that of the host rock (Xiazhuang and Maofeng granites), suggesting the latter as a crucial uranium source. Pyrite and pitchblende are coeval, yet pyrite was formed slightly earlier than pitchblende. Pyrite exhibits depletion in Co and Ni but enrichment in As, along with high Co/Ni ratios ranging from 1.68 to 12.2, indicative of a medium- to low temperature hydrothermal genesis. Furthermore, the positive cerium (Ce) anomaly observed in pyrite may indicate elevated oxygen fugacity in the fluids during precipitation. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite (−10.42 ‰ to −15.26 ‰, averaging −13.44 ‰) are consistent with those of the host rock (Xiazhuang and Maofeng granites), indicating a primary sulfur source from the host rock. Additionally, pyrite may serve as a reductant, facilitating the formation of uranium ore. Our proposed genetic model suggests that CO₂-rich oxidizing fluids facilitate uranium leaching from host rocks, resulting in the formation of a uranium-enriched fluid that migrates along faults, where U⁶⁺ undergoes reduction to U⁴⁺ within secondary fracture zones, facilitated by reductants such as pyrite.