Involvement of neurons in the non-human primate anterior striatum in proactive inhibition.

Behaving as desired requires selecting the appropriate behavior and inhibiting the selection of inappropriate behavior. This inhibitory function involves multiple processes, such as reactive and proactive inhibition, instead of a single process. In this study, two male macaque monkeys were required to perform a task in which they had to sequentially select (accept) or refuse (reject) a choice. Neural activity was recorded from the anterior striatum, which is considered to be involved in behavioral inhibition, focusing on the distinction between proactive and reactive inhibitions. We identified neurons with significant activity changes during the rejection of bad objects. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct groups, of which only one showed increased activity during object rejection, suggesting its involvement in proactive inhibition. This activity pattern was consistent irrespective of the rejection method, indicating a role beyond saccadic suppression. Furthermore, minimal activity changes during the fixation task indicated that these neurons were not primarily involved in reactive inhibition. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the anterior striatum plays a crucial role in cognitive control and orchestrates goal-directed behavior through proactive inhibition, which may be critical in understanding the mechanisms of behavioral inhibition dysfunction that occur in patients with basal ganglia disease.Significance statement This study revealed a group of neurons in the anterior striatum that plays a crucial role in cognitive control by actively participating in the rejection of unfavorable choices. Contrary to previous belief, these neurons were involved in proactive inhibition (i.e., the process of discarding unnecessary options), instead of suppressing automatic responses, to achieve a goal. This distinction is vital for understanding the mechanisms by which the brain makes decisions and may have implications for addressing neurological disorders associated with impaired decision-making and inhibitory control. Our findings provide new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying goal-directed behavior and highlight the importance of the anterior striatum in orchestrating complex cognitive functions.