基于动态子阵列选择的高能效定位和跟踪方法,利用超声波为散射异质介质中的植入式医疗设备供电。

Anirudh Kumar Parag, Bogdan C Raducanu, Oguz Kaan Erden, Stefano Stanzione, Fabian Beutel, Chinmay Pendse, Chris Van Hoof, Nick Van Helleputte, Georges Gielen
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摘要

超声波(US)作为一种无线功率传输方法,已经引起了植入式医疗设备(IMD)研究界的极大关注。有人提出使用外部换能器阵列贴片(ETAP)进行波束成形(BF),作为一种稳健的定位方案,在人体内找到毫米大小的 IMD。然而,对于以深层和浅层 IMD 为重点的应用而言,ETAP 的最佳资源利用是能源受限的可穿戴贴片所关注的主要能效问题。此外,由于 IMD 相对于 ETAP 的移动(呼吸和患者活动原因)而导致的错位容差仍然是一个挑战。本文提出了一种高能效方法,通过在 ETAP 内动态选择子阵列来定位毫米大小的 IMD。该方法完全适应媒体的异质性,并且不需要 IMD 的先验知识。为了提高对 IMD 移动的耐受性,通过添加和减少子阵列上的元素来实现跟踪,从而使子阵列在电气上跟随 IMD 移动。此外,研究还表明,10 倍于 US 频率的最低采样频率可提高对随机噪声的耐受性。在 MATLAB 中对不同的异质散射生物介质进行了 K 波模拟,以证明所提议的方法比标准 BF 方法更有效。在由 3D 打印人体肋骨模型和部分阻塞多径松质骨模型组成的异质散射介质中的测量结果表明,与采用 ETAP 所有元素的延迟和波束成形方法和非聚焦传输相比,能量效率分别提高了 10.53 倍和 14.4 倍。
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Dynamic sub-array selection-based energy-efficient localization and tracking method to power implanted medical devices in scattering heterogenous media employing ultrasound.

Ultrasound (US) as a wireless power transfer methodology has drawn considerable attention from the implantable medical devices (IMD) research community. Beamforming (BF) using an external transducer array patch (ETAP) has been proposed as a robust localization scheme to find a mm-sized IMD inside the human body. However, for applications focusing on deep and shallow IMDs, optimum resource utilization at the ETAP is a major power efficiency concern for energy-constrained wearable patches. Moreover, misalignment tolerance due to IMD movements (respiratory and patient ambulatory reasons) relative to the ETAP remains a challenge. This paper presents an energy-efficient method to localize a mm-sized IMD through the dynamic selection of a sub-array within the ETAP. It is fully adaptive to the heterogeneity of the media and requires no a priori knowledge of the IMD. To improve the tolerance to IMD movements, tracking is implemented by adding and subtracting elements on the sub-array such that the sub-array electrically follows the IMD movement. Furthermore, it is shown that a minimum sampling frequency of 10X the US frequency can improve the tolerance to random noise. K-wave simulations in MATLAB are performed in different heterogenous, scattering biological media to prove the efficacy of the proposed method over standard BF methods. Measurement results in heterogenous scattering media consisting of a 3D-printed human ribs phantom and a partially blocking multipath cancellous bone phantom show an energy efficiency improvement of 10.53X and 14.4X compared to the delay-and-sum beamforming method and the unfocused transmission employing all the elements of the ETAP, respectively.

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Dynamic sub-array selection-based energy-efficient localization and tracking method to power implanted medical devices in scattering heterogenous media employing ultrasound. A Reconfigurable Bidirectional Wireless Power and Full-Duplex Data Transceiver IC for Wearable Biomedical Applications. An Ultrasonic Transceiver for Non-Invasive Intracranial Pressure Sensing. BrainForest: Neuromorphic Multiplier-Less Bit-Serial Weight-Memory-Optimized 1024-Tree Brain-State Classification Processor. Fully Integrated Pneumatic-Free and Magnet-Free CMOS Ferrofluidic Platform for Comprehensive Biomolecular Processing.
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