轮换效应的根源很深

IF 5.6 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY Field Crops Research Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109640
Virginia A. Nichols , William Osterholz , Sotirios V. Archontoulis , Matt Liebman
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引用次数: 0

摘要

背景或问题已经证实,与单期或两期轮作的玉米相比,即使氮素(N)不受限制,延长轮作期种植的玉米(Zea mays L.)也能获得更高的谷物产量。了解这种现象(通常称为 "轮作效应")的驱动机制,对于设计高效利用土地和其他资源的种植系统非常重要。根系的差异会影响作物对资源的获取,进而影响产量,但这种差异是否在轮作效应中发挥作用还不得而知。研究问题我们假设,与短期轮作的玉米相比,长期轮作的玉米根系结构更深,根系质量更小,而且这些特征与谷物产量的差异相关。方法利用 2001 年建立的一项长期实验,我们测量了玉米在整个生长季的扎根深度、从 0 厘米到 60 厘米以 15 厘米为单位的根系质量,以及两种对比轮作方式玉米阶段的谷物产量:玉米/大豆(Glycine max [L. ] Merr)2 年轮作,使用无机物。Merr)的 2 年轮作,使用无机氮源,最大耕作深度为 15 厘米(以下简称 "短轮作");以及玉米/大豆/燕麦(Avena sativa L.)-紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)/紫花苜蓿的 4 年轮作,混合使用有机和无机氮源,定期翻耕至 25 厘米(以下简称 "长轮作")。此外,我们还测量了土壤渗透阻力和土壤湿度,并对玉米地上生物量进行了生长分析。结果从 2013 年到 2020 年,延长轮作期的玉米谷物产量与短轮作期持平或显著高于短轮作期,八年间平均高出 8%(分别为 11.0 和 10.2 干毫克/公顷-1)。延长轮作期玉米生长优势的时间(如早季、晚季)在各年并不一致,但在所有三个根系测量季节(2019-2021 年),延长轮作期玉米的最大扎根深度明显比短轮作期深,平均深 11%(分别为 82 厘米和 76 厘米)。在生理成熟期,两个系统从 0 到 60 厘米土壤深度的根量相似,但延长轮作种植的玉米投入土壤表层(0 到 15 厘米)的根量明显较少(30% 比 47%)。两种制度的土壤渗透阻力不同,这与两种轮作制度的耕作制度不同是一致的,但其模式与根系的差异并不一致。结论我们认为,延长轮作期的玉米根系模式 "更深、更陡",并不能保证玉米产量更高,而是赋予了植物获取资源的更大灵活性,在某些条件下,与短轮作期的玉米相比,玉米产量更高。这项研究加深了我们对耕作制度历史如何影响产量的理解,并提供了有关产量和根系的新数据,这两者都与可持续集约化高度相关。虽然本研究侧重于物理测量,但它表明,要从机理上理解 "轮作效应",还需要对生物驱动因素如何影响根系结构进行更详细的探索。
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The roots of the rotation effect run deep

Context or problem

It is well-established that maize (Zea mays L.) grown in extended rotations produces higher grain yields compared to maize grown in one- or two-phase rotations, even when nitrogen (N) is not limiting. Understanding the mechanisms driving this phenomenon, commonly referred to as ‘the rotation effect’, is important for designing cropping systems that use land and other resources efficiently. Differences in root systems can influence crop resource acquisition and therefore yield, but it is unknown if such differences play a role in the rotation effect.

Research question

We hypothesized that maize grown in an extended rotation system exhibits a deeper root structure with less root mass compared to maize grown in a short rotation, and that these characteristics are correlated with differences in grain production.

Methods

Using a long-term experiment established in 2001, we measured maize rooting depth across the growing season, root mass in 15 cm increments from 0 to 60 cm, and grain yields in the maize phase of two contrasting rotations: a 2-year rotation of maize/soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) using inorganic sources of nitrogen (N) and maximum tillage depths of 15 cm (hereafter the ‘short rotation’), and a 4-year rotation of maize/soybean/oat (Avena sativa L.)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)/alfalfa using a mix of organic and inorganic N sources and periodic inversion tillage to 25 cm (hereafter the ‘extended rotation’). Additionally, we measured soil penetration resistance and soil moisture, and performed a growth analysis on aboveground maize biomass.

Results

From 2013 to 2020, maize grain yields in the extended rotation were equal to or significantly higher than in the short rotation, averaging 8 % greater across eight years (11.0 and 10.2 dry Mg ha−1, respectively). The timing (e.g., early season, late season) of the extended rotation’s maize growth advantage was not consistent across years, but in all three seasons of root measurements (2019–2021) the maximum rooting depth of maize in the extended rotation was significantly deeper than in the short rotation by an average of 11 % (82 versus 76 cm, respectively). At physiological maturity, the two systems had similar amounts of root mass from 0 to 60 cm soil depth, but maize grown in the extended rotation invested significantly less of that mass (30 % compared to 47 %) into the soil surface layer (0 to 15 cm). The soil penetration resistances of the two systems differed in a manner consistent with the differing tillage regimes of the two rotations, however the patterns did not align with root differences.

Conclusions

We posit that the extended rotation’s ‘deeper and steeper’ maize root patterns did not guarantee higher maize yields, but rather bestowed the plant with more flexibility in resource acquisition which, in certain conditions, resulted in higher grain yields compared to maize grown in the short rotation.

Implications

To our knowledge, this is the first report attempting to mechanistically link rooting patterns with plant growth in the context of the ‘rotation effect.’ This study enhances our understanding of how cropping system histories impact yields, and provides new data on yields and roots, both of which are highly relevant for sustainable intensification. While the present study focused on physical measurements, it suggests that more detailed exploration of how biological drivers impact root architecture is needed to gain a mechanistic understanding of the ‘rotation effect.’
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来源期刊
Field Crops Research
Field Crops Research 农林科学-农艺学
CiteScore
9.60
自引率
12.10%
发文量
307
审稿时长
46 days
期刊介绍: Field Crops Research is an international journal publishing scientific articles on: √ experimental and modelling research at field, farm and landscape levels on temperate and tropical crops and cropping systems, with a focus on crop ecology and physiology, agronomy, and plant genetics and breeding.
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