An assessment of HF radio wave propagation in antarctica for a radio link between McMurdo and south pole station

In this work, we analyze data collected by an HF transmitter/receiver radio link, operating as an oblique ionosonde between the McMurdo Station (transmitter) and South Pole Station (receiver) at 4.1, 5.1, 6.0, 6.4, and 7.2 MHz between 28 February and 14 March 2019. To help contextualize the link's data we have performed numerical raytrace simulations to help understand the observations. By considering both the data and simulations, we have identified both single- and two-hop E- and F-region propagation modes in the data, where the multi-hop modes were observed in the hours around sunrise and sunset in the 4.1 and 5.1 MHz channels. This is an unexpected result given the accepted wisdom that multi-hop modes, which require a ground scatter component, cannot be supported in Antarctica because of the highly absorptive ice covering much of the continent. Our results show that multi-hop propagation modes can be supported in the region under specific ionospheric conditions—around sunrise and sunset—if the mode's ground scatter component is collocated with the Transantarctic Mountains. The mountains are located along the great-circle path between the link's transmitter and receiver. However, the combination of favorable ionospheric and ground scattering conditions makes the detection of the multi-hop mode a rare occurrence in the data set analyzed here. These findings are critical to data analysis efforts of any current or future oblique ionosonde systems operating in Antarctica and other regions such as the Arctic.