We present a field-theoretic framework for modeling electromagnetic energy propagation in heterogeneous media by introducing the concept of electromagnetic geodesics. Unlike traditional ray optics, which assumes either a straight-line propagation or a simple bending in refractive media, our approach formulates wave propagation as geodetic motion in a curved spatial geometry induced by variations in refractive index. Building on earlier work, we move beyond scalar refractive index analogies and instead construct a local Riemannian metric characterized by an orthogonal geometric tensor derived from the Helmholtz representation. This tensor encodes spatial anisotropy and curvature, enabling a rigorous description of energy flow through complex media. We derive the electromagnetic geodesics by formulating and solving a Lagrangian system, yielding equations of motion for wavefront trajectories, group velocity, and intensity distribution. The concept of refractive tension—the vector displacement between Euclidean and transformed positions—plays a central role in defining the transformation matrix and associated metric. Numerical simulations for a spherical inhomogeneity embedded in vacuum demonstrate the emergence of curved geodesics and localized energy redistribution, illustrating the model's potential for interpreting interstellar electromagnetic phenomena and refractive effects in astrophysical environments. In particular, it shows the spatial dispersion of a the energy flow in the vicinity of the spherical inhomogeneity.
{"title":"On the electromagnetic energy flow along geodesics","authors":"Jacob T. Fokkema;Peter M. van den Berg","doi":"10.1029/2025RS008508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RS008508","url":null,"abstract":"We present a field-theoretic framework for modeling electromagnetic energy propagation in heterogeneous media by introducing the concept of electromagnetic geodesics. Unlike traditional ray optics, which assumes either a straight-line propagation or a simple bending in refractive media, our approach formulates wave propagation as geodetic motion in a curved spatial geometry induced by variations in refractive index. Building on earlier work, we move beyond scalar refractive index analogies and instead construct a local Riemannian metric characterized by an orthogonal geometric tensor derived from the Helmholtz representation. This tensor encodes spatial anisotropy and curvature, enabling a rigorous description of energy flow through complex media. We derive the electromagnetic geodesics by formulating and solving a Lagrangian system, yielding equations of motion for wavefront trajectories, group velocity, and intensity distribution. The concept of refractive tension—the vector displacement between Euclidean and transformed positions—plays a central role in defining the transformation matrix and associated metric. Numerical simulations for a spherical inhomogeneity embedded in vacuum demonstrate the emergence of curved geodesics and localized energy redistribution, illustrating the model's potential for interpreting interstellar electromagnetic phenomena and refractive effects in astrophysical environments. In particular, it shows the spatial dispersion of a the energy flow in the vicinity of the spherical inhomogeneity.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A method of estimating heavy (O+) and light (H+ and He+) ion drift velocities in the topside F-region ionosphere using Arecibo uncoded long pulse data is presented. We show that multi-ion drift velocity estimation using long pulse ACF phase data requires accurate knowledge of ionospheric state parameters, such as temperatures and compositions, that can be independently estimated using power spectral fitting techniques. We describe a three-stage fitting procedure utilizing spectral and ACF phase models to mitigate the range ambiguity effects caused by long pulse transmissions. The procedure provides comprehensive ionospheric state parameter estimates including drift velocities of different ionic species. Results of ion drift measurements over a 63-hr interval in September 2016 are presented. The results, covering 200–1,000 km altitude range with 5-min time and 6 km range resolution, exhibit events of substantial counter-streaming of the heavy and light ions during post-sunset and pre-sunrise periods.
{"title":"Accurate and robust sensing of the ionosphere with uncoded long pulse ISR measurements: 2. differential drift inversions using lag profile phase data","authors":"Binghui Wang;Erhan Kudeki;Yulun Wu","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008106","url":null,"abstract":"A method of estimating heavy (O<sup>+</sup>) and light (H<sup>+</sup> and He<sup>+</sup>) ion drift velocities in the topside F-region ionosphere using Arecibo uncoded long pulse data is presented. We show that multi-ion drift velocity estimation using long pulse ACF phase data requires accurate knowledge of ionospheric state parameters, such as temperatures and compositions, that can be independently estimated using power spectral fitting techniques. We describe a three-stage fitting procedure utilizing spectral and ACF phase models to mitigate the range ambiguity effects caused by long pulse transmissions. The procedure provides comprehensive ionospheric state parameter estimates including drift velocities of different ionic species. Results of ion drift measurements over a 63-hr interval in September 2016 are presented. The results, covering 200–1,000 km altitude range with 5-min time and 6 km range resolution, exhibit events of substantial counter-streaming of the heavy and light ions during post-sunset and pre-sunrise periods.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Incoherent scatter radar probing of the topside F-region ionosphere with reduced electron densities residing at relatively large radar ranges requires the use of uncoded long pulse (ULP) transmissions. In these ULP measurements the range resolution is necessarily poor, rendering the inference of ionospheric state parameters such as composition, temperature, and drift velocity challenging. Specifically, accurate estimation of composition and temperature is crucial for determining the differential velocity measurements of topside constituents; a topic that is addressed in further detail in a companion paper. In this paper, we describe approaches to accurate and efficient estimation of plasma composition and temperature using long pulses. The first approach is based on the deconvolution of the lag profile matrix generated from ULP measurements, aiming to mitigate the range mixing effect due to the low range resolution. By exploiting the singular value decomposition of the range mixing ambiguity matrix, a data-independent strategy is used to determine the regularization parameter for the deconvolution. The second approach is based on a correction of the lag-dependent height offset errors by re-aligning each column of the lag profile matrix to its proper height. These strategies are tested and compared through a synthetic test and validated with experimental data collected from Arecibo over a 63-hr-long observation interval in September 2016. Results show that these strategies are effective in mitigating the range mixing inherent in estimating ionospheric state parameters by spectral fitting.
{"title":"Accurate and robust sensing of the ionosphere with uncoded long pulse ISR measurements: 1-lag profile inversion of ion composition and temperature","authors":"Binghui Wang;Erhan Kudeki;Farzad Kamalabadi;Yulun Wu","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008105","url":null,"abstract":"Incoherent scatter radar probing of the topside F-region ionosphere with reduced electron densities residing at relatively large radar ranges requires the use of uncoded long pulse (ULP) transmissions. In these ULP measurements the range resolution is necessarily poor, rendering the inference of ionospheric state parameters such as composition, temperature, and drift velocity challenging. Specifically, accurate estimation of composition and temperature is crucial for determining the differential velocity measurements of topside constituents; a topic that is addressed in further detail in a companion paper. In this paper, we describe approaches to accurate and efficient estimation of plasma composition and temperature using long pulses. The first approach is based on the deconvolution of the lag profile matrix generated from ULP measurements, aiming to mitigate the range mixing effect due to the low range resolution. By exploiting the singular value decomposition of the range mixing ambiguity matrix, a data-independent strategy is used to determine the regularization parameter for the deconvolution. The second approach is based on a correction of the lag-dependent height offset errors by re-aligning each column of the lag profile matrix to its proper height. These strategies are tested and compared through a synthetic test and validated with experimental data collected from Arecibo over a 63-hr-long observation interval in September 2016. Results show that these strategies are effective in mitigating the range mixing inherent in estimating ionospheric state parameters by spectral fitting.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A dielectric cavity antenna-based resonant microwave sensor with enhanced sensitivity has been proposed for detecting the quality and volume of engine oils. Unlike conventional microwave sensors, the proposed design uses a single-port configuration, and the cavity is entirely fabricated using FR-4 dielectric material. The resonant frequency of the cavity antenna operating in the TM10 mode is shown to be highly responsive to variations in both oil quality and volume. For an air-filled cavity, the sensor resonates at 3.23 GHz. When fully loaded (10 mL) with fresh and used engine oil samples (the latter collected after 5,000 km of engine operation), the resonant frequencies shift to 2.642 and 2.540 GHz, respectively. The dielectric sensitivity of the sensor, measured between the air-filled and fresh-oil-loaded conditions, is 443 MHz/ε. Additionally, the sensor exhibits a volume sensitivity of 85 MHz/mL for fresh oil and 92 MHz/mL for used oil, demonstrating its capability to distinguish both oil condition and volume with high resolution. Beyond engine oil characterization, the sensor effectively differentiates between chemical liquids such as xylene, acetic acid, and benzene, based on their distinct resonant frequencies. These results confirm the potential of the proposed cavity-based microwave sensor as a reliable, low-cost, and high-sensitivity solution for liquid quality monitoring and volume measurement in industrial applications.
{"title":"A dielectric cavity antenna based microwave sensor for analysis of engine oils and liquid chemicals","authors":"Kunde Santhosh Kumar;M. Ganesh Madhan","doi":"10.1029/2025RS008315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RS008315","url":null,"abstract":"A dielectric cavity antenna-based resonant microwave sensor with enhanced sensitivity has been proposed for detecting the quality and volume of engine oils. Unlike conventional microwave sensors, the proposed design uses a single-port configuration, and the cavity is entirely fabricated using FR-4 dielectric material. The resonant frequency of the cavity antenna operating in the TM<inf>10</inf> mode is shown to be highly responsive to variations in both oil quality and volume. For an air-filled cavity, the sensor resonates at 3.23 GHz. When fully loaded (10 mL) with fresh and used engine oil samples (the latter collected after 5,000 km of engine operation), the resonant frequencies shift to 2.642 and 2.540 GHz, respectively. The dielectric sensitivity of the sensor, measured between the air-filled and fresh-oil-loaded conditions, is 443 MHz/ε. Additionally, the sensor exhibits a volume sensitivity of 85 MHz/mL for fresh oil and 92 MHz/mL for used oil, demonstrating its capability to distinguish both oil condition and volume with high resolution. Beyond engine oil characterization, the sensor effectively differentiates between chemical liquids such as xylene, acetic acid, and benzene, based on their distinct resonant frequencies. These results confirm the potential of the proposed cavity-based microwave sensor as a reliable, low-cost, and high-sensitivity solution for liquid quality monitoring and volume measurement in industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
RETRACTION: Y. A. Tariku, “The Geomagnetic Storm Time Responses of the TEC, foF2, and hmF2 in Different Solar Activity During Solar Cycle 24 and 25,” Radio Science 59, no. 12 (2024): e2024RS007961, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS007961. The above article, published online on 23 December 2024 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors; the journal Editor-in-Chief, Kazuya Kobayashi; the American Geophysical Union; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The retraction has been agreed due to major overlap with a previously published article from the same author.
引用本文：Y. A. Tariku，“不同太阳活动周期TEC、foF2和hmF2对地磁风暴时间的响应”，《射电科学》第59期，第25期。12 (2024): e2024RS007961, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS007961。上述文章于2024年12月23日在线发表在Wiley在线图书馆（wileyonlinelibrary.com）上，经作者同意撤回；杂志主编Kazuya Kobayashi；美国地球物理联合会；和Wiley期刊有限责任公司。由于与同一作者先前发表的一篇文章有重大重叠，因此已同意撤回。
{"title":"Retraction: The geomagnetic storm time responses of the TEC, foF2, and hmF2 in different solar activity during solar cycle 24 and 25","authors":"","doi":"10.1029/rds.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/rds.70022","url":null,"abstract":"RETRACTION: Y. A. Tariku, “The Geomagnetic Storm Time Responses of the TEC, foF2, and hmF2 in Different Solar Activity During Solar Cycle 24 and 25,” Radio Science 59, no. 12 (2024): e2024RS007961, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS007961. The above article, published online on 23 December 2024 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors; the journal Editor-in-Chief, Kazuya Kobayashi; the American Geophysical Union; and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The retraction has been agreed due to major overlap with a previously published article from the same author.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electromagnetic wave interactions at planar interfaces are of fundamental importance, with Fresnel coefficients providing a precise description of reflection, transmission, and polarization changes. While standard Fresnel theory simplifies analysis by decomposing fields into Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) waves, this approach can become cumbersome for complicated sources located near interfaces or in multilayered media. This paper presents an alternative formulation that dispenses with TE/TM decomposition, instead working directly with the horizontal components of the plane-wave spectrum. We derive 2 × 2 reflection and transmission matrices valid for arbitrarily layered media with planar interfaces, enabling the computation of reflected and transmitted plane-wave spectra. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach by solving a Huygens' source problem relevant to the design of metagratings, structures comprised of scattering elements and planar interfaces.
{"title":"A new plane-wave formulation for a layered medium: Applications to metagratings","authors":"Thorkild B. Hansen","doi":"10.1029/2025RS008331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RS008331","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic wave interactions at planar interfaces are of fundamental importance, with Fresnel coefficients providing a precise description of reflection, transmission, and polarization changes. While standard Fresnel theory simplifies analysis by decomposing fields into Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) waves, this approach can become cumbersome for complicated sources located near interfaces or in multilayered media. This paper presents an alternative formulation that dispenses with TE/TM decomposition, instead working directly with the horizontal components of the plane-wave spectrum. We derive 2 × 2 reflection and transmission matrices valid for arbitrarily layered media with planar interfaces, enabling the computation of reflected and transmitted plane-wave spectra. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach by solving a Huygens' source problem relevant to the design of metagratings, structures comprised of scattering elements and planar interfaces.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio Quiet Zones (RQZs) have been established to prevent radio sources from causing harmful interference to sensitive radio telescopes, which study extremely faint cosmic radio waves. Even with strict regulations, such interference is growing due to the widespread use of consumer electronics, emitting in many different frequency bands, including Wifi, Bluetooth. Removal of interferers is often a matter of sending trucks with spectrum analyzers to perform localization, using signal power-based localization techniques, a human-intensive process. We present TranQuiL, a novel long-range detection and localization system that can detect and localize an interfering transmitter at large distances. Our key innovation is the development of an improved beacon packet detection pipeline, which enables significant range improvement. We implement and evaluate our system for an interfering WiFi and Bluetooth transmitter across two testbeds: (a) the Green Bank Observatory in West Virginia and (b) around a large manufacturing facility in a major U.S. city. We demonstrate a localization accuracy of 13.2 m in both test beds from 950 m away for WiFi transmitters and 450 m for Bluetooth transmitters, sufficient for building-scale identification of the interferer's location.
{"title":"TranQuiL: Long range detection and localization of interference in radio quiet zones","authors":"Atul Bansal;Mohamed Ibrahim;Kuang Yuan;Yiwen Song;Bob Iannucci;Swarun Kumar","doi":"10.1029/2025RS008237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RS008237","url":null,"abstract":"Radio Quiet Zones (RQZs) have been established to prevent radio sources from causing harmful interference to sensitive radio telescopes, which study extremely faint cosmic radio waves. Even with strict regulations, such interference is growing due to the widespread use of consumer electronics, emitting in many different frequency bands, including Wifi, Bluetooth. Removal of interferers is often a matter of sending trucks with spectrum analyzers to perform localization, using signal power-based localization techniques, a human-intensive process. We present TranQuiL, a novel long-range detection and localization system that can detect and localize an interfering transmitter at large distances. Our key innovation is the development of an improved beacon packet detection pipeline, which enables significant range improvement. We implement and evaluate our system for an interfering WiFi and Bluetooth transmitter across two testbeds: (a) the Green Bank Observatory in West Virginia and (b) around a large manufacturing facility in a major U.S. city. We demonstrate a localization accuracy of 13.2 m in both test beds from 950 m away for WiFi transmitters and 450 m for Bluetooth transmitters, sufficient for building-scale identification of the interferer's location.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frequency Modulation broadcasting is irreplaceable due to its technological maturity, low cost, and strong anti-interference capabilities. This study focuses on Beijing and its surrounding regions, evaluating the prediction performance of three propagation models—the Irregular Terrain Model (ITM), ITU-R P.1546, and ITU-R P.2001—based on the measured propagation path loss of radio broadcasting signals. The results indicate that ITU-R P.1546 provides the most accurate predictions, followed by the ITM, with ITU-R P.2001 performing the least effectively. Notably, ITU-R P.1546 excels in the complex terrains of the northwestern region, while the ITM and ITU-R P.2001 demonstrate respective advantages at varying distance ranges in the southeastern plains. Additionally, the study highlights the significant influence of frequency on model selection: as frequency increases, the relative advantage of ITU-R P.1546 gradually diminishes. These findings offer valuable guidance for these models' localized application and optimization, providing insights into their suitability for different geographical and operational contexts within China.
调频广播技术成熟、成本低、抗干扰能力强，具有不可替代的优势。本研究以北京及其周边地区为研究对象，基于实测的无线电广播信号传播路径损耗，评估了三种传播模型（不规则地形模型（ITM）、ITU-R P.1546和ITU-R p .2001）的预测性能。结果表明，ITU-R P.1546提供的预测最准确，其次是ITM， ITU-R P.2001的预测效果最差。值得注意的是，ITU-R P.1546在西北地区的复杂地形上表现出色，而ITM和ITU-R P.2001在东南平原的不同距离范围内表现出各自的优势。此外，研究还强调了频率对型号选择的重要影响：随着频率的增加，ITU-R P.1546的相对优势逐渐减弱。这些发现为这些模型的本地化应用和优化提供了有价值的指导，并为它们在中国不同地理和运营环境下的适用性提供了见解。
{"title":"Assessment and exploring three propagation prediction models for FM broadcasting over beijing and its surrounding regions","authors":"Z. L. Wu;Y. L. Hao;J. Wang;Q. Z. Hao;C. Yang","doi":"10.1029/2025RS008391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RS008391","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency Modulation broadcasting is irreplaceable due to its technological maturity, low cost, and strong anti-interference capabilities. This study focuses on Beijing and its surrounding regions, evaluating the prediction performance of three propagation models—the Irregular Terrain Model (ITM), ITU-R P.1546, and ITU-R P.2001—based on the measured propagation path loss of radio broadcasting signals. The results indicate that ITU-R P.1546 provides the most accurate predictions, followed by the ITM, with ITU-R P.2001 performing the least effectively. Notably, ITU-R P.1546 excels in the complex terrains of the northwestern region, while the ITM and ITU-R P.2001 demonstrate respective advantages at varying distance ranges in the southeastern plains. Additionally, the study highlights the significant influence of frequency on model selection: as frequency increases, the relative advantage of ITU-R P.1546 gradually diminishes. These findings offer valuable guidance for these models' localized application and optimization, providing insights into their suitability for different geographical and operational contexts within China.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current paper introduces a new deep learning model of the adaptive beamforming structure of smart antenna systems to enhance the spatial selectivity and interference rejection. The proposed model incorporates angular awareness into the recurrent learning process, known as the Angular-Attention Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (Attn-BiGRU), which allows dynamic attention to be paid to beam and null directions, as shown in Figure 1. The model can be gradually taught more difficult angular situations through curriculum learning of the integration, which increases convergence and strength. The model was trained and tested using synthetically generated data that was based on a 10-element linear dipole array at 1,800 MHz. Standard error measures: MSE, RMSE, MAE, and antenna-specific measure, SLLmax were used to evaluate the performance. According to the comparative outcomes, the Attn-BiGRU demonstrated better beam alignment, null depth, and sidelobe suppression than the traditional algorithms (VS-LMS, RLS, SMI) and the deep learning ones (ANN, BiRNN, BiLSTM, BiGRU). The method can be applied to real-life scenarios and be used in the area of vehicular networks, reconfigurable surfaces, and 6G beam management architectures. The findings indicate that the model is not very simple, and it would serve as an effective and precise solution to real-time and time-sensitive applications in the next generation wireless communication systems.
{"title":"Attn-BiGRU: Angular-aware attention with curriculum learning for adaptive beamforming","authors":"Ridha Ilyas Bendjillali;Mohammed Sofiane Bendelhoum;Miloud Kamline;Asma Ouardas;Mohamed Rida Lahcene;Fadila Amel Miloudi","doi":"10.1029/2025RS008432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RS008432","url":null,"abstract":"The current paper introduces a new deep learning model of the adaptive beamforming structure of smart antenna systems to enhance the spatial selectivity and interference rejection. The proposed model incorporates angular awareness into the recurrent learning process, known as the Angular-Attention Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (Attn-BiGRU), which allows dynamic attention to be paid to beam and null directions, as shown in Figure 1. The model can be gradually taught more difficult angular situations through curriculum learning of the integration, which increases convergence and strength. The model was trained and tested using synthetically generated data that was based on a 10-element linear dipole array at 1,800 MHz. Standard error measures: MSE, RMSE, MAE, and antenna-specific measure, SLLmax were used to evaluate the performance. According to the comparative outcomes, the Attn-BiGRU demonstrated better beam alignment, null depth, and sidelobe suppression than the traditional algorithms (VS-LMS, RLS, SMI) and the deep learning ones (ANN, BiRNN, BiLSTM, BiGRU). The method can be applied to real-life scenarios and be used in the area of vehicular networks, reconfigurable surfaces, and 6G beam management architectures. The findings indicate that the model is not very simple, and it would serve as an effective and precise solution to real-time and time-sensitive applications in the next generation wireless communication systems.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"61 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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