Advances in target drugs and immunotherapy for biliary tract cancer.

Introduction: After years of treatment stagnation in biliary tract cancers (BTC), there has been a notable shift with the emergence of targeted therapies and immunotherapy, leading to substantial progress in tackling this aggressive disease.

Areas covered: We provide a comprehensive overview of the target therapies that are already part of the treatment algorithm for BTC, such as FGFR, IDH, and HER2 inhibitors. Additionally, we delve into some less known targets that are being explored, such as KRAS proto-oncogene, MAPK cascade, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and novel molecules directed against P53, claudin, histones, and mitochondrial metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss agnostic drugs and analyze the efficacy data available for BTC specifically. We also examine the expanding world of immunotherapy, with an eye on predictive factors of response for immune checkpoint inhibitors, and on novel immune drugs such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T and vaccines.

Expert opinion: In the expert opinion, we discuss the problem of the scarcity of patients eligible for target therapies and how can clinical trials be designed to overcome this challenge. We also summarize the most promising trials that have the potential to change clinical practice both for immunotherapies and target drugs.