Effects of low energy availability on performance in male athletes: A scoping review

Objectives

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low energy availability on different performance outcomes in male athletes. Secondary aims were to examine an assumed dose–response relationship and identify knowledge gaps.

Design

Scoping review.

Methods

The electronic database PubMed was searched until the end of June 2023. Additionally, we used reference tracking and hand-searching for related articles. Six studies with a total of 103 male athletes met the inclusion criteria.

Results

Four of the included studies had an interventional study design, including one case study, and the remaining two were cross-sectional studies. Different performance outcomes (i.e., strength, endurance, speed) were either positively, negatively, or unaffected by low energy availability. The length and magnitude of the low energy availability, as well as the baseline status of the athletes could have influenced the results. Additionally, there are methodological considerations that might limit the validity of the results.

Conclusions

Current evidence shows heterogeneous results, as some studies suggested improvements in certain performance parameters, whilst other studies showed neutral or detrimental effects of low energy availability. Due to the limitations mentioned; additional research is warranted for a more comprehensive understanding.