This study aimed to analyse the timing of ACL injuries during match play in professional women's football games.
Design
Media-based retrospective cross-sectional study.
Methods
Retrospective analysis of playing time associated with ACL injuries across international competitions and 27 professional leagues between 2022 and 2024. Identification of ACL injuries involved media reports, including online searches for official statements and interviews. Follow-up verification of time within gameplay, including video and substitution minutes, was also conducted. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis assessed the ACL injury risk over playing time; injuries pre vs post 45 min were compared using a one-sample proportion test with continuity correction.
Results
Of the 208 ACL injuries captured during an official match, the majority (70 %) occurred within the initial 45 min of play (p < 0.001), with 50 % of injuries within the first 28 min. Survival analysis revealed a declining risk of ACL injury as the game continued, resulting in only a 25 % likelihood of injury occurring in the last 40 min of the game.
Conclusions
Most ACL injuries in women's football occurred within the initial 45 min of effective playing time, particularly between the 15th and 35th minutes. This suggests that early-game intensity, acute fatigue or other factors rather than cumulative fatigue may contribute to ACL injury risk.
{"title":"ACL injury timing during matches in professional women's football: A 208-case analysis from the 2022–2024 seasons","authors":"Wyatt Hampstead , Vanessa Crespin , Bradley Wakefield , Matthew Whalan , Ric Lovell , Evangelos Pappas","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to analyse the timing of ACL injuries during match play in professional women's football games.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Media-based retrospective cross-sectional study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Retrospective analysis of playing time associated with ACL injuries across international competitions and 27 professional leagues between 2022 and 2024. Identification of ACL injuries involved media reports, including online searches for official statements and interviews. Follow-up verification of time within gameplay, including video and substitution minutes, was also conducted. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis assessed the ACL injury risk over playing time; injuries pre vs post 45 min were compared using a one-sample proportion test with continuity correction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 208 ACL injuries captured during an official match, the majority (70 %) occurred within the initial 45 min of play (p < 0.001), with 50 % of injuries within the first 28 min. Survival analysis revealed a declining risk of ACL injury as the game continued, resulting in only a 25 % likelihood of injury occurring in the last 40 min of the game.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Most ACL injuries in women's football occurred within the initial 45 min of effective playing time, particularly between the 15th and 35th minutes. This suggests that early-game intensity, acute fatigue or other factors rather than cumulative fatigue may contribute to ACL injury risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Pages 139-144"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145054013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.013
Hannah Walton , Molly McCarthy-Ryan , Isla J. Shill , Anthony P. Turner , Carolyn E. Emery , Debbie Palmer
Objectives
Identify current injury surveillance and prevention literature in women's compared to men's rugby union players.
Design
Scoping review.
Methods
A two-step search strategy identified relevant published and unpublished literature on adult rugby players from five electronic databases, three governing body season report storage locations, and citation searches. Literature was screened against inclusion criteria for time-loss injury and/or injury prevention programmes and outcomes. Data was extracted and findings were reported using 1. a numerical analysis and 2. a thematic analysis.
Results
In total, 3196 articles were screened at abstract and full-text level, 252 met inclusion criteria. Across 252 studies were 330 cohorts, women-only cohorts accounted for 24 % (n = 79) of injury surveillance literature. Match injury incidence ranges were greater than training across all cohorts, men's and women's injury rates and severity across match and training were similar. Only 30 % of cohorts assessed training injury, 27 % in men's and 42 % in women's cohorts. General agreement highlighted lower limb, joint/ligament and concussion injuries to be most common across the men's and women's game. Risk factors were commonly assessed in men's literature (49 %) but reported less within women's research (25 %). Thirteen injury prevention studies were identified, two involved evaluation of injury prevention initiatives in women's cohorts.
Conclusions
There is limited women's representation in rugby injury surveillance research compared to men's, and there is scarce evidence of the implementation and evaluation of injury prevention initiatives to reduce injury rates in women. Future research should focus on women's surveillance to inform injury prevention studies, implemented and evaluated in women's rugby cohorts.
{"title":"Injury reporting and the use of injury prevention programmes in women's compared with men's rugby union players: A scoping review","authors":"Hannah Walton , Molly McCarthy-Ryan , Isla J. Shill , Anthony P. Turner , Carolyn E. Emery , Debbie Palmer","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Identify current injury surveillance and prevention literature in women's compared to men's rugby union players.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Scoping review.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A two-step search strategy identified relevant published and unpublished literature on adult rugby players from five electronic databases, three governing body season report storage locations, and citation searches. Literature was screened against inclusion criteria for time-loss injury and/or injury prevention programmes and outcomes. Data was extracted and findings were reported using 1. a numerical analysis and 2. a thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 3196 articles were screened at abstract and full-text level, 252 met inclusion criteria. Across 252 studies were 330 cohorts, women-only cohorts accounted for 24 % (n = 79) of injury surveillance literature. Match injury incidence ranges were greater than training across all cohorts, men's and women's injury rates and severity across match and training were similar. Only 30 % of cohorts assessed training injury, 27 % in men's and 42 % in women's cohorts. General agreement highlighted lower limb, joint/ligament and concussion injuries to be most common across the men's and women's game. Risk factors were commonly assessed in men's literature (49 %) but reported less within women's research (25 %). Thirteen injury prevention studies were identified, two involved evaluation of injury prevention initiatives in women's cohorts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There is limited women's representation in rugby injury surveillance research compared to men's, and there is scarce evidence of the implementation and evaluation of injury prevention initiatives to reduce injury rates in women. Future research should focus on women's surveillance to inform injury prevention studies, implemented and evaluated in women's rugby cohorts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Pages 149-166"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2026.01.009
Tim Meyer
{"title":"Prevention and treatment of ACL ruptures in athletes and an exercise therapy for the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","authors":"Tim Meyer","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2026.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2026.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Page 107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Compliance with 24-hour movement behaviour (24-h MB) guidelines, including moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, recreational screen time, and sleep, is associated with positive health and development, yet evidence on how compliance evolves from childhood to adolescence remains limited. This study aimed to: (1) describe compliance trajectories from childhood to adolescence in Australia, and (2) identify factors associated with these compliance trajectories.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Longitudinal study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from waves 2 (ages 6–7) and 6 (ages 14–15) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (N = 2492) were used to classify 24-h MB guideline compliance trajectories (consistently compliant, non-compliant, improving, or declining) using Bayesian multinomial logistic regression. ‘Compliance’ was defined as simultaneous adherence to all 24-h MB guidelines. Guided by the social ecological model, associations between these trajectories and early individual, interpersonal, organisational, community, and societal factors were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Consistent compliance with 24-h MB guidelines was rare at only 3 %; most participants were consistently non-compliant (65 %), with others declining (26 %) or improving (6 %) compliance with 24-h MB guidelines. High socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with higher odds of consistent (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.78, 95 % Credible Interval (CrI): 1.22–6.33) and improving compliance (OR = 2.64, 95 % CrI: 1.46–4.75) than lower SES. Medium SES also increased the odds of improving compliance (OR = 1.80, 95 % CrI: 1.02–3.15). High and medium SES were also linked to higher odds of decline (OR = 1.89, 95 % CrI: 1.40–2.55; OR = 1.46, 95 % CrI: 1.11–1.90, respectively). Immigrant backgrounds lowered odds of consistent compliance (OR = 0.34, 95 % CrI: 0.18–0.61). Self-reported excellent baseline health increased the odds of declining compliance (OR = 1.36, 95 % CrI: 1.13–1.65), whilst each one-year increase in parental age was associated with higher odds of consistent compliance (OR = 1.06, 95 % CrI: 1.02–1.11).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Across the transition to adolescence, compliance tends to drift away from full adherence: sustained adherence is uncommon, improvement occurs for a minority, and persistence of non-compliance is the dominant pattern. Associations differ across socioeconomic position, parental age, immigrant background, and baseline health, indicating that uniform strategies are unlikely to meet population needs. Developmentally timed and context-specific supports across schools, families, and communities are warranted. Future work should test targeted interventions using longitudinal or quasi-experimental designs, examine effect modification across social dimensions with intersectionality-informed analyses, and draw on complementary approaches such as system modelling, realist or mixed-me
{"title":"Who stays on track? Investigating compliance with 24-h MB guidelines and its associated factors across childhood and adolescence in Australia","authors":"Mosharop Hossian , Gregore Iven Mielke , Mehwish Nisar , Asaduzzaman Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Compliance with 24-hour movement behaviour (24-h MB) guidelines, including moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, recreational screen time, and sleep, is associated with positive health and development, yet evidence on how compliance evolves from childhood to adolescence remains limited. This study aimed to: (1) describe compliance trajectories from childhood to adolescence in Australia, and (2) identify factors associated with these compliance trajectories.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Longitudinal study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from waves 2 (ages 6–7) and 6 (ages 14–15) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (N = 2492) were used to classify 24-h MB guideline compliance trajectories (consistently compliant, non-compliant, improving, or declining) using Bayesian multinomial logistic regression. ‘Compliance’ was defined as simultaneous adherence to all 24-h MB guidelines. Guided by the social ecological model, associations between these trajectories and early individual, interpersonal, organisational, community, and societal factors were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Consistent compliance with 24-h MB guidelines was rare at only 3 %; most participants were consistently non-compliant (65 %), with others declining (26 %) or improving (6 %) compliance with 24-h MB guidelines. High socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with higher odds of consistent (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.78, 95 % Credible Interval (CrI): 1.22–6.33) and improving compliance (OR = 2.64, 95 % CrI: 1.46–4.75) than lower SES. Medium SES also increased the odds of improving compliance (OR = 1.80, 95 % CrI: 1.02–3.15). High and medium SES were also linked to higher odds of decline (OR = 1.89, 95 % CrI: 1.40–2.55; OR = 1.46, 95 % CrI: 1.11–1.90, respectively). Immigrant backgrounds lowered odds of consistent compliance (OR = 0.34, 95 % CrI: 0.18–0.61). Self-reported excellent baseline health increased the odds of declining compliance (OR = 1.36, 95 % CrI: 1.13–1.65), whilst each one-year increase in parental age was associated with higher odds of consistent compliance (OR = 1.06, 95 % CrI: 1.02–1.11).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Across the transition to adolescence, compliance tends to drift away from full adherence: sustained adherence is uncommon, improvement occurs for a minority, and persistence of non-compliance is the dominant pattern. Associations differ across socioeconomic position, parental age, immigrant background, and baseline health, indicating that uniform strategies are unlikely to meet population needs. Developmentally timed and context-specific supports across schools, families, and communities are warranted. Future work should test targeted interventions using longitudinal or quasi-experimental designs, examine effect modification across social dimensions with intersectionality-informed analyses, and draw on complementary approaches such as system modelling, realist or mixed-me","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Pages 167-176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145292541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.010
Brian K. Ferguson , Leryn J. Reynolds , Cody T. Haun , Patrick B. Wilson
Objectives
The sequence of a meal's macronutrient consumption influences postprandial blood glucose, but it is unknown whether altering the order of macronutrient consumption before exercise affects glycemic and metabolic responses during exercise.
Design
Randomized controlled crossover trial.
Methods
Physically active adults who self-reported being free of cardiometabolic disease (n = 18; 8 male, 10 female) fasted for ≥ 8 h and were randomized to a rice-first or rice-last condition for one visit and the opposite for a second visit. Participants were asked to consume 150 g broccoli and 100 g chicken combined and 150 g rice separately. Post-meal, participants rested for 60 min before a 30-min run at 70 % of maximum heart rate. Blood glucose and respiratory exchange were measured regularly during rest and exercise.
Results
There was a condition × time interaction for blood glucose (p < .001), with higher levels for rice-first than rice-last 30 min post-eating (133 ± 20 vs. 106 ± 21; p < .001). Rice-first led to a larger reduction in blood glucose than rice-last from pre- to post-exercise (21.4 ± 22.1 vs. 4.6 ± 23.5 mg/dL; p = .035). There was a condition × time interaction for respiratory exchange ratio at rest (p < .001), with 5–6 % higher values with rice-first than rice-last from 40 to 55 min postprandial. During exercise, respiratory exchange ratio was approximately 2.5 % higher with rice-first than rice-last (p = .029).
Conclusions
A rice-first meal pattern elicited a higher postprandial blood glucose shortly after eating and a larger blood glucose drop during exercise. Further, it led to a greater rise in resting respiratory exchange ratio, which was maintained during exercise.
{"title":"Effects of ordered eating on blood glucose, substrate utilization, and perceptual responses with a steady-state exercise bout","authors":"Brian K. Ferguson , Leryn J. Reynolds , Cody T. Haun , Patrick B. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The sequence of a meal's macronutrient consumption influences postprandial blood glucose, but it is unknown whether altering the order of macronutrient consumption before exercise affects glycemic and metabolic responses during exercise.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Randomized controlled crossover trial.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Physically active adults who self-reported being free of cardiometabolic disease (n = 18; 8 male, 10 female) fasted for ≥<!--> <!-->8 h and were randomized to a rice-first or rice-last condition for one visit and the opposite for a second visit. Participants were asked to consume 150 g broccoli and 100 g chicken combined and 150 g rice separately. Post-meal, participants rested for 60 min before a 30-min run at 70 % of maximum heart rate. Blood glucose and respiratory exchange were measured regularly during rest and exercise.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was a condition × time interaction for blood glucose (p < .001), with higher levels for rice-first than rice-last 30 min post-eating (133 ± 20 vs. 106 ± 21; p < .001). Rice-first led to a larger reduction in blood glucose than rice-last from pre- to post-exercise (21.4 ± 22.1 vs. 4.6 ± 23.5 mg/dL; p = .035). There was a condition × time interaction for respiratory exchange ratio at rest (p < .001), with 5–6 % higher values with rice-first than rice-last from 40 to 55 min postprandial. During exercise, respiratory exchange ratio was approximately 2.5 % higher with rice-first than rice-last (p = .029).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A rice-first meal pattern elicited a higher postprandial blood glucose shortly after eating and a larger blood glucose drop during exercise. Further, it led to a greater rise in resting respiratory exchange ratio, which was maintained during exercise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Pages 116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.010
Changshuang He , Huan Huang , Shaoyu Guo , Xiaoying Peng , Muyang Huan , Lei Shi , Xiaojiao Sun , Yehan Zhang , Yiwen Zhang , Zhijuan Jin , Minghui Quan
Objectives
To evaluate the effects of combined exercise (i.e., aerobic and physical-cognitive exercises) on working memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to explore the underlying brain mechanisms using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).
Design/methods
A randomized controlled trial allocated 66 children (mean age 7.3 ± 0.9 years, 55 boys) with ADHD to either an intervention group or a wait-list control group. The intervention group underwent 20 sessions of 90-minute, moderate to vigorous intensity combined exercise six times per week during the summer vacation. Primary outcomes, including working memory and prefrontal cortex activation, were measured using the N-back task (0-back and 1-back) and fNIRS. Secondary outcomes included core symptoms and sleep duration, assessed using the Conner's Parent Symptom Questionnaire and sleep onset/wake time.
Results
Compared to controls, 20 sessions of combined exercise significantly improved the accuracy of children with ADHD on tasks with lower cognitive demands (0-back task) [mean difference: 8.89, 95 % confidence interval (4.25, 13.53), p < 0.001] and nominally improved accuracy on tasks requiring higher cognitive demands involving working memory (1-back task) [mean difference: 6.79, 95 % confidence interval (0.56, 13.02), p = 0.03]. Activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R DLPFC) mediated the improvement in 0-back task performance (β = 5.85, p < 0.05). Additionally, the exercise significantly improved the core symptoms of children with ADHD and extended their sleep duration (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
Twenty sessions of combined exercise during the summer vacation significantly improved 0-back task performance, mediated by the R DLPFC, and nominally improved 1-back task performance.
{"title":"The effects of combined exercise on working memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial","authors":"Changshuang He , Huan Huang , Shaoyu Guo , Xiaoying Peng , Muyang Huan , Lei Shi , Xiaojiao Sun , Yehan Zhang , Yiwen Zhang , Zhijuan Jin , Minghui Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate the effects of combined exercise (i.e., aerobic and physical-cognitive exercises) on working memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to explore the underlying brain mechanisms using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).</div></div><div><h3>Design/methods</h3><div>A randomized controlled trial allocated 66 children (mean age 7.3 ± 0.9 years, 55 boys) with ADHD to either an intervention group or a wait-list control group. The intervention group underwent 20 sessions of 90-minute, moderate to vigorous intensity combined exercise six times per week during the summer vacation. Primary outcomes, including working memory and prefrontal cortex activation, were measured using the N-back task (0-back and 1-back) and fNIRS. Secondary outcomes included core symptoms and sleep duration, assessed using the Conner's Parent Symptom Questionnaire and sleep onset/wake time.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared to controls, 20 sessions of combined exercise significantly improved the accuracy of children with ADHD on tasks with lower cognitive demands (0-back task) [mean difference: 8.89, 95 % confidence interval (4.25, 13.53), p < 0.001] and nominally improved accuracy on tasks requiring higher cognitive demands involving working memory (1-back task) [mean difference: 6.79, 95 % confidence interval (0.56, 13.02), <em>p</em> = 0.03]. Activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R DLPFC) mediated the improvement in 0-back task performance (<em>β</em> = 5.85, <em>p</em> < 0.05). Additionally, the exercise significantly improved the core symptoms of children with ADHD and extended their sleep duration (<em>p</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Twenty sessions of combined exercise during the summer vacation significantly improved 0-back task performance, mediated by the R DLPFC, and nominally improved 1-back task performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Pages 177-184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145244710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.004
Brooke Jenner , Hunter Bennett , Steven Milanese , Jordan Sellar , Darren Burgess , John Arnold
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to establish the test-retest reliability of physical performance tests in elite Australian Football League Women's (AFLW) athletes.
Design
Repeated measures cohort study.
Methods
26 participants completed two sessions seven days apart, performing the countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), squat jump (SJ), 20 m sprint, Nordic hamstring eccentric (NHE), and hip abduction/adduction strength tests. Paired t-tests and two-way mixed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(2,1)) were performed for the best repetition from each session to assess reliability with the level of significance set at p ≤ 0.05. The coefficient of variation (CV, %), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were also calculated.
Results
CMJ relative peak power (ICC = 0.90, CV = 2.5 %) and 20 m sprint (ICC = 0.91, CV = 1.0 %) had excellent reliability. Good reliability was observed for CMJ jump height (ICC = 0.85, CV = 4 %), CMJ reactive strength index (RSI) (ICC = 0.82, CV = 4.6 %), DJ and SJ relative peak power (ICC = 0.82–0.85, CV = 2.6–3.2 %) and hip abduction peak force (ICC = 0.82–0.83, CV = 7.8–8.6 %). Moderate reliability was observed for DJ and SJ jump height (ICC = 0.61–0.63, CV = 4.8–5.8 %), DJ and SJ RSI (ICC = 0.61, CV = 4.8–12 %) and hip adduction peak force (ICC = 0.60, CV = 7.9–9.0 %). NHE peak force had good to excellent reliability (ICC = 0.85–0.94, CV = 3.3–5.3 %).
Conclusions
High reliability of most commonly used physical performance tests in elite AFLW athletes gives practitioners confidence in their use to inform contemporary profiling and rehabilitation strategies. A more cautious approach is advised when considering results for the DJ and SJ jump height and RSI, and the hip adduction peak force due to moderate reliability.
{"title":"Reliability and profiling of physical performance tests in Australian Football League Women's (AFLW) athletes","authors":"Brooke Jenner , Hunter Bennett , Steven Milanese , Jordan Sellar , Darren Burgess , John Arnold","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to establish the test-retest reliability of physical performance tests in elite Australian Football League Women's (AFLW) athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Repeated measures cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>26 participants completed two sessions seven days apart, performing the countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), squat jump (SJ), 20 m sprint, Nordic hamstring eccentric (NHE), and hip abduction/adduction strength tests. Paired t-tests and two-way mixed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC<sub>(</sub><sub>2,1</sub><sub>)</sub>) were performed for the best repetition from each session to assess reliability with the level of significance set at p ≤ 0.05. The coefficient of variation (CV, %), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were also calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CMJ relative peak power (ICC = 0.90, CV = 2.5 %) and 20 m sprint (ICC = 0.91, CV = 1.0 %) had excellent reliability. Good reliability was observed for CMJ jump height (ICC = 0.85, CV = 4 %), CMJ reactive strength index (RSI) (ICC = 0.82, CV = 4.6 %), DJ and SJ relative peak power (ICC = 0.82–0.85, CV = 2.6–3.2 %) and hip abduction peak force (ICC = 0.82–0.83, CV = 7.8–8.6 %). Moderate reliability was observed for DJ and SJ jump height (ICC = 0.61–0.63, CV = 4.8–5.8 %), DJ and SJ RSI (ICC = 0.61, CV = 4.8–12 %) and hip adduction peak force (ICC = 0.60, CV = 7.9–9.0 %). NHE peak force had good to excellent reliability (ICC = 0.85–0.94, CV = 3.3–5.3 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>High reliability of most commonly used physical performance tests in elite AFLW athletes gives practitioners confidence in their use to inform contemporary profiling and rehabilitation strategies. A more cautious approach is advised when considering results for the DJ and SJ jump height and RSI, and the hip adduction peak force due to moderate reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Pages 195-201"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.007
Andreas Serner , Margot Putukian , Ruben Echemendia , Andrew Massey , Kyle Sherry
Objectives
To report the frequency of head impacts and associated visible signs of possible concussion, and their inter-rater reliability at the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™.
Design
Observational and inter-rater reliability study.
Methods
Fifteen visible signs of potential sport-related concussion, grouped into “red flags”, “yellow flags”, and “other signs”, were recorded live by FIFA injury spotters during the tournament. Post-tournament all matches were reviewed for visible signs by independent injury spotters. Agreement was assessed using Fleiss kappa (κ) and Prevalence And Bias Adjusted Kappa.
Results
FIFA spotters registered 172 head impacts live, while the post-tournament independent spotters registered 206 (67 % positive agreement). Both groups observed five incidents with at least one “red flag”, though these were not identical, resulting in moderate agreement (Kappa (K) = 0.58, 0.41 to 0.76). Agreement for each “red flag” varied from poor to almost perfect (K = − 0.01 to 1.00). Incidents with “yellow flags” showed poor agreement (K = − 0.46, − 0.64 to − 0.29), primarily due to differences in scoring “slow to get up”, while signs “face or scalp injury” and “lying motionless” had moderate to substantial agreement (K = 0.58 to 0.66). Inter-rater reliability of each visible sign varied from poor to substantial (K = − 0.01 to 0.75), with low prevalence of some signs directly influencing kappa values. For the majority of visible signs, results of the prevalence-adjusted-and-bias-adjusted kappa showed almost perfect (K = 0.81 to 1.00) agreement and inter-rater reliability.
Conclusions
Visible signs of concussion categorized as “red flags” were infrequent, resulting in uncertain reliability. The frequency and reliability of visible signs categorized as “yellow flags” and “other signs” varied, with the visible signs “clutching of the head” and “slow to get up” occurring so frequently that their utility for identifying possible concussion in football is questionable. Further research should focus on investigating specificity of the visible signs in larger studies with surveillance and clinical follow-up from multiple competitions (seasons).
{"title":"Visible signs of possible concussion at the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™: Independent review and inter-rater reliability","authors":"Andreas Serner , Margot Putukian , Ruben Echemendia , Andrew Massey , Kyle Sherry","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To report the frequency of head impacts and associated visible signs of possible concussion, and their inter-rater reliability at the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Observational and inter-rater reliability study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifteen visible signs of potential sport-related concussion, grouped into “red flags”, “yellow flags”, and “other signs”, were recorded live by FIFA injury spotters during the tournament. Post-tournament all matches were reviewed for visible signs by independent injury spotters. Agreement was assessed using Fleiss kappa (κ) and Prevalence And Bias Adjusted Kappa.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>FIFA spotters registered 172 head impacts live, while the post-tournament independent spotters registered 206 (67 % positive agreement). Both groups observed five incidents with at least one “red flag”, though these were not identical, resulting in moderate agreement (Kappa (K) = 0.58, 0.41 to 0.76). Agreement for each “red flag” varied from poor to almost perfect (K = −<!--> <!-->0.01 to 1.00). Incidents with “yellow flags” showed poor agreement (K = −<!--> <!-->0.46, −<!--> <!-->0.64 to −<!--> <!-->0.29), primarily due to differences in scoring “slow to get up”, while signs “face or scalp injury” and “lying motionless” had moderate to substantial agreement (K = 0.58 to 0.66). Inter-rater reliability of each visible sign varied from poor to substantial (K = −<!--> <!-->0.01 to 0.75), with low prevalence of some signs directly influencing kappa values. For the majority of visible signs, results of the prevalence-adjusted-and-bias-adjusted kappa showed almost perfect (K = 0.81 to 1.00) agreement and inter-rater reliability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Visible signs of concussion categorized as “red flags” were infrequent, resulting in uncertain reliability. The frequency and reliability of visible signs categorized as “yellow flags” and “other signs” varied, with the visible signs “clutching of the head” and “slow to get up” occurring so frequently that their utility for identifying possible concussion in football is questionable. Further research should focus on investigating specificity of the visible signs in larger studies with surveillance and clinical follow-up from multiple competitions (seasons).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Pages 108-115"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145251616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.003
Matteo Giuriato , Nicola Lovecchio , Matteo Vandoni , Alessandro Gatti , Alan M. Nevill
Objectives
To evaluate how stature and body mass influence youth physical fitness performance across different test modalities using allometric modeling, and to quantify domain-specific allometric exponents for stature and body mass.
Design
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science (July 2024;CRD420251030848). Sixteen cross-sectional studies involving youth populations (aged 7–19 years) met inclusion criteria. Extracted allometric exponents for stature and body mass were synthesized across four fitness domains: cardiorespiratory fitness, upper-limb strength, lower-limb explosive strength, and speed–agility. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using Restricted Maximum Likelihood estimation. Heterogeneity was assessed via I2 and Cochran's Q.
Results
Stature showed a consistently positive association with performance across all domains, with allometric exponents ranging from 0.40 to 1.39 (p < 0.001). Body mass demonstrated divergent patterns: negative exponents for cardiorespiratory fitness (boys: − 0.24; girls: − 0.22), explosive strength, and speed–agility; but positive associations for upper limb strength (boys: 0.31; girls: 0.30). All models showed high heterogeneity; moderation and sensitivity analyses confirmed test-type-independent results.
Conclusions
Stature shows a consistent positive association with physical fitness independently of test modalities, whereas body mass exponents are domain-specific, negative in weight-bearing tasks and positive in upper-limb strength. These pooled estimates suggest clear trends in size-performance scaling, though substantial heterogeneity and the absence of independent model validation limit their generalizability. Allometric modeling remains a useful approach to reduce size-related bias when applied alongside sport-specific and developmental considerations.
目的：利用异速生长模型评估身高和体重对不同测试模式下青少年体能表现的影响，并量化身高和体重的特定领域异速生长指数。设计：系统回顾和荟萃分析。方法：综合检索PubMed和Web of Science（2024年7月；CRD420251030848）的文献。16项涉及青年人群（7-19岁 岁）的横断面研究符合纳入标准。提取的身高和体重异速指数在四个健身领域合成：心肺健康、上肢力量、下肢爆发力和速度敏捷性。随机效应荟萃分析采用限制性最大似然估计。通过I2和Cochran’s q .评估异质性结果：身高与所有领域的表现均呈一致的正相关，异速生长指数范围为0.40至1.39 （p ）结论：身高与身体健康表现出一致的正相关，独立于测试方式，而体重指数是特定领域的，在负重任务中为负，在上肢力量中为正。这些汇总的估计表明了尺寸-性能缩放的明显趋势，尽管大量的异质性和缺乏独立的模型验证限制了它们的推广。异速建模仍然是一个有用的方法，以减少与尺寸相关的偏差，当应用与特定的运动和发展的考虑。
{"title":"Stature is the key: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the role of stature and body mass in physical fitness through allometric modeling","authors":"Matteo Giuriato , Nicola Lovecchio , Matteo Vandoni , Alessandro Gatti , Alan M. Nevill","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate how stature and body mass influence youth physical fitness performance across different test modalities using allometric modeling, and to quantify domain-specific allometric exponents for stature and body mass.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Systematic review and meta-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science (July 2024;CRD420251030848). Sixteen cross-sectional studies involving youth populations (aged 7–19 years) met inclusion criteria. Extracted allometric exponents for stature and body mass were synthesized across four fitness domains: cardiorespiratory fitness, upper-limb strength, lower-limb explosive strength, and speed–agility. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed using Restricted Maximum Likelihood estimation. Heterogeneity was assessed via I<sup>2</sup> and Cochran's Q.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Stature showed a consistently positive association with performance across all domains, with allometric exponents ranging from 0.40 to 1.39 (p < 0.001). Body mass demonstrated divergent patterns: negative exponents for cardiorespiratory fitness (boys: −<!--> <!-->0.24; girls: −<!--> <!-->0.22), explosive strength, and speed–agility; but positive associations for upper limb strength (boys: 0.31; girls: 0.30). All models showed high heterogeneity; moderation and sensitivity analyses confirmed test-type-independent results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Stature shows a consistent positive association with physical fitness independently of test modalities, whereas body mass exponents are domain-specific, negative in weight-bearing tasks and positive in upper-limb strength. These pooled estimates suggest clear trends in size-performance scaling, though substantial heterogeneity and the absence of independent model validation limit their generalizability. Allometric modeling remains a useful approach to reduce size-related bias when applied alongside sport-specific and developmental considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Pages 202-211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.015
Aaron Miralles-Iborra , Matthew Buckthorpe , Francesco Della Villa , Javier De los Ríos-Calonge , Jose L.L. Elvira , Francisco J. Vera-Garcia , Juan Del Coso , Victor Moreno-Pérez
Objectives
This study aimed to analyse the mechanisms, injury patterns, biomechanics and neurocognitive factors of anterior cruciate ligament tears in professional female Spanish football players during training and competitive matches.
Design
Systematic video-analysis observational study.
Methods
Four hundred and sixty-one players from 16 teams of the Spanish top division (Liga F) were tracked over three consecutive seasons (2021/2022 to 2023/2024). Videos of any confirmed (via magnetic resonance imaging) anterior cruciate ligament tear occurring during training and matches were obtained from the teams and/or TV broadcasting. Three observers independently analysed each video.
Results
Thirty-nine anterior cruciate ligament tears were confirmed, and thirty anterior cruciate ligament tears were finally included in the video analysis (matches: 25 injuries; training: 5 injuries). No significant differences were observed for mechanisms and injury patterns during training and matches. Five injuries (13 %) were direct contact, 19 (49 %) indirect contact and 15 (38 %) non-contact. Three main injury patterns accounted for 83 % of injuries: 1) pressing/tackling (42 %); 2) being tackled (26 %) and 3) dribbling (15 %). Two specific tasks were identified accounting for mostly training injuries: small-sided games (56 %) and ball possession games (22 %). Ninety-two per cent of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament tears involved motor-response or attentional inhibition errors.
Conclusions
Training and match anterior cruciate ligament tears occurred under similar conditions, predominantly occurring without direct contact, particularly during pressing/tackling, being tackled and dribbling. Small-sided games may represent training activities with a higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament tear.
{"title":"Systematic video analysis of ACL tear patterns in Spanish professional female football players: Neurocognitive errors as targets for prevention","authors":"Aaron Miralles-Iborra , Matthew Buckthorpe , Francesco Della Villa , Javier De los Ríos-Calonge , Jose L.L. Elvira , Francisco J. Vera-Garcia , Juan Del Coso , Victor Moreno-Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to analyse the mechanisms, injury patterns, biomechanics and neurocognitive factors of anterior cruciate ligament tears in professional female Spanish football players during training and competitive matches.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Systematic video-analysis observational study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Four hundred and sixty-one players from 16 teams of the Spanish top division (Liga F) were tracked over three consecutive seasons (2021/2022 to 2023/2024). Videos of any confirmed (via magnetic resonance imaging) anterior cruciate ligament tear occurring during training and matches were obtained from the teams and/or TV broadcasting. Three observers independently analysed each video.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirty-nine anterior cruciate ligament tears were confirmed, and thirty anterior cruciate ligament tears were finally included in the video analysis (matches: 25 injuries; training: 5 injuries). No significant differences were observed for mechanisms and injury patterns during training and matches. Five injuries (13 %) were direct contact, 19 (49 %) indirect contact and 15 (38 %) non-contact. Three main injury patterns accounted for 83 % of injuries: 1) pressing/tackling (42 %); 2) being tackled (26 %) and 3) dribbling (15 %). Two specific tasks were identified accounting for mostly training injuries: small-sided games (56 %) and ball possession games (22 %). Ninety-two per cent of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament tears involved motor-response or attentional inhibition errors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Training and match anterior cruciate ligament tears occurred under similar conditions, predominantly occurring without direct contact, particularly during pressing/tackling, being tackled and dribbling. Small-sided games may represent training activities with a higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament tear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","volume":"29 2","pages":"Pages 129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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