Submarine Groundwater Discharge at a Mega-Tidal Beach

Tidally influenced groundwater systems in coastal environments represent important mixing zones of fresh groundwater and circulating seawater, manifesting as submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Water circulation induced by tidal pumping enhances the exchange of chemicals between aquifers and coastal waters and thereby influences the biogeochemistry of coastal zones. Here, we report the results of an SGD field study conducted at a steep, mega-tidal sand and gravel beach along the Canadian coast of the Bay of Fundy, a region with the world's highest tides (semi-diurnal tidal ranges exceeding 10 m). Several physical and geochemical measurement techniques were employed to document the spatiotemporal SGD variability. SGD was directly sampled from seepage meters installed over multiple tidal cycles and two summer campaigns. SGD rates were estimated from tracer mass balances for radon (August 2020) and radium isotopes (July 2021) over multiple tidal cycles. Tidally averaged SGD estimates from seepage meters ranged from 12 to 87 cm d⁻¹, with an average of 42 cm d⁻¹, while radon tracing yielded a tidally averaged rate of 86 cm d⁻¹. SGD estimates from radium tracing ranged from 23 to 43 cm d⁻¹ along the shoreline and 6 to 71 cm d⁻¹ offshore, depending on the estimated residence times. Radionuclide analyses of seepage meter waters suggest that the residence time of seawater circulation through the aquifer is less than 1 day. SGD measurements in mega-tidal settings are rare, and the results suggest that the combination of the steep slopes, highly permeable sediments and high tidal range drive very high seepage rates for diffusive SGD. Salinity gradients in the intertidal zone demonstrate that SGD is primarily comprised of circulated seawater with negligible fresh groundwater. Although the freshwater proportion of SGD is relatively low, the large volumetric rates of total SGD can still contribute large amounts of terrestrially derived and remineralized nutrients to coastal waters.