Impact of Surface Turbulent Fluxes on the Formation of Roll Vortices in a Mediterranean Windstorm

Roll vortices can have a significant influence on the exchanges of momentum, sensible heat and moisture throughout the boundary layer. They have been shown to reinforce air-sea interactions under strong wind conditions. This raises the question of how air-sea exchanges can, in turn, affect the roll vortices. However, representing surface turbulent fluxes during extreme wind conditions is a major challenge in numerical weather prediction and can lead to large uncertainties in surface wind speed. The sensitivity of rolls to different representations of surface fluxes is investigated using large eddy simulations. The study focuses on Mediterranean windstorm Adrian, where rolls are responsible for the transport of strong winds to the surface. Considering the effects of sea spray increases surface heat fluxes and significantly influences the roll morphology. The rolls become narrower and extend over a greater height, while the downward transport of momentum is intensified and results in higher wind speed near the surface. Roll vortices vanish within a few minutes in the absence of momentum fluxes, which maintain the wind shear necessary for their organization. They also quickly weaken without sensible heat fluxes, which sustain the near-neutral stratification required for their development. In contrast, latent heat fluxes play a minor role. These findings emphasize the necessity of precisely representing the processes occurring at the air-sea interface, which do not only affect the thermodynamic surface conditions but also the vertical transport of momentum within the windstorm.