Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and emerging treatment.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, able to survive on the surfaces of medical devices, is a life-threatening pathogen that mainly leads to nosocomial infection especially in immunodeficient and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa has become a world-concerning problem, which results in reduced and ineffective therapy efficacy. Besides intrinsic properties to decrease the intracellular content and activity of antibiotics, P. aeruginosa develops acquired resistance by gene mutation and acquisition, as well as adaptive resistance under specific situations. With in-depth research on drug resistance mechanisms and the development of biotechnology, innovative strategies have emerged and yielded benefits such as screening for new antibiotics based on artificial intelligence technology, utilizing drugs synergistically, optimizing administration, and developing biological therapy. This review summarizes the recent advances in the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and emerging treatments for combating resistance, aiming to provide a reference for the development of therapy against drug-resistant P. aeruginosa.