Bio-inspired microstructures for high-performance and self-powered E-skin technologies

The advancement of electronic skin (e-skin) technology has transitioned from fictional narratives to real-world applications due to breakthroughs in microelectronics. Current e-skin designs utilize advanced materials and microfabrication techniques. Recent developments focus on integrating biomimetic microstructures, such as pyramids, domes, and nanofibers, to enhance sensor performance. These structures improve sensitivity, flexibility, and durability. Innovations include self-powered sensors using piezoelectric materials like PVDF and ZnO, as well as multi-mode e-skins combining capacitive and piezoelectric sensors, stretchable electrodes, and self-healing materials. E-skin technology has applications in wearable devices, healthcare, robotics, and human-machine interfaces. This review, using the PRISMA methodology, examines advancements in tactile sensors, highlighting the role of biomimetic microstructures. These structures provide additional functionalities such as freeze resistance, corrosion resistance, self-cleaning, and degradability, optimizing overall sensor performance. Continued research and innovation are moving e-skin technology towards human-like tactile sensing with improved performance, flexibility, and self-sufficiency. This review summarizes the latest developments in biomimetic microstructures for tactile sensors and their application prospects in human detection and human-machine interaction devices.