The incorporation of activated carbon as a substrate in a constructed wetland. A review

This review examines the potential of utilizing activated carbon as a substrate in constructed wetlands. The integration of activated carbon aims to enhance the quality of water and wastewater by leveraging natural treatment processes alongside the adsorptive capabilities of activated carbon. Due to its high surface area and unique pore structure, activated carbon effectively adsorbs a range of pollutants, such as organic compounds, heavy metals, and nutrients. Researchers are focused on improving the removal of contaminants that traditional constructed wetland systems may struggle to address. Various methods for integrating activated carbon include mixing it with other substrates or employing it as a distinct layer within the wetland bed. The success of these strategies is influenced by factors such as the type of pollutants, hydraulic retention time, and the characteristics of wetland vegetation. Studies have shown that activated carbon can enhance the elimination of contaminants like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial waste in constructed wetlands. Nonetheless, additional research is required to optimize the design and operation of these systems, investigate variables such as carbon particle size and loading rates, and perform long-term monitoring to evaluate the stability and sustainability of activated carbon-enhanced constructed wetlands.