Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100053
Petro Karungamye
This review examines the potential of utilizing activated carbon as a substrate in constructed wetlands. The integration of activated carbon aims to enhance the quality of water and wastewater by leveraging natural treatment processes alongside the adsorptive capabilities of activated carbon. Due to its high surface area and unique pore structure, activated carbon effectively adsorbs a range of pollutants, such as organic compounds, heavy metals, and nutrients. Researchers are focused on improving the removal of contaminants that traditional constructed wetland systems may struggle to address. Various methods for integrating activated carbon include mixing it with other substrates or employing it as a distinct layer within the wetland bed. The success of these strategies is influenced by factors such as the type of pollutants, hydraulic retention time, and the characteristics of wetland vegetation. Studies have shown that activated carbon can enhance the elimination of contaminants like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial waste in constructed wetlands. Nonetheless, additional research is required to optimize the design and operation of these systems, investigate variables such as carbon particle size and loading rates, and perform long-term monitoring to evaluate the stability and sustainability of activated carbon-enhanced constructed wetlands.
{"title":"The incorporation of activated carbon as a substrate in a constructed wetland. A review","authors":"Petro Karungamye","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review examines the potential of utilizing activated carbon as a substrate in constructed wetlands. The integration of activated carbon aims to enhance the quality of water and wastewater by leveraging natural treatment processes alongside the adsorptive capabilities of activated carbon. Due to its high surface area and unique pore structure, activated carbon effectively adsorbs a range of pollutants, such as organic compounds, heavy metals, and nutrients. Researchers are focused on improving the removal of contaminants that traditional constructed wetland systems may struggle to address. Various methods for integrating activated carbon include mixing it with other substrates or employing it as a distinct layer within the wetland bed. The success of these strategies is influenced by factors such as the type of pollutants, hydraulic retention time, and the characteristics of wetland vegetation. Studies have shown that activated carbon can enhance the elimination of contaminants like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial waste in constructed wetlands. Nonetheless, additional research is required to optimize the design and operation of these systems, investigate variables such as carbon particle size and loading rates, and perform long-term monitoring to evaluate the stability and sustainability of activated carbon-enhanced constructed wetlands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142654526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100051
Ali J. Ali, Ashraf A. Ahmed
This study provides a cutting-edge machine learning approach to forecast ammonium () levels in River Lee London. Ammonium concentrations were predicted over several time intervals using a complete dataset that includes temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH. Our technique captures the intricate connections between environmental conditions and ammonium concentrations using developed algorithms, including Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT), Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) levels versus the important factors, considerably improving prediction accuracy. The novel aspect of this study is the utilisation of the TFT model for multi-horizon forecasting, which offers high accuracy and interpretability in hydrological predictions by combining convolutional components with an attention mechanism. The study also demonstrates the effectiveness of the TFT model in capturing short-term fluctuations while retaining accuracy over long time periods, which is a major difficulty in environmental modelling. The models used, have exceptional forecasting skills, predicting 150, 200, 365, 730, and 1095 days based on daily average and 12, 24 and 30 months based on monthly average. This dual-scale model combines flexibility and resilience, making it an effective tool for forecasting both short- and long-term environmental changes. The RF model excelled in long-term forecasts, sustaining high R-squared (R²) (0.97) values and low root mean square error (RMSE) (0.18), and the second best one was the XGBoost with optimiser with R2 of (0.92) and RMSE of (0.25) with forecasting 1095 days. The results also found that whilst the TFT captured the fluctuations in the short-term, it struggled with the longer-term predictions due to data granularity. The XGBoost model did remarkably well in monthly forecasts up to 12 months, maintaining low RSME. The findings also highlight the necessity of proactive water management techniques to reduce the risk of potential ecological effects, including hypoxia and oxygen depletion. The findings support resource managers in addressing prospective ammonium toxicity concerns such as oxygen depletion and ecological stress.
{"title":"Long-term AI prediction of ammonium levels in rivers using transformer and ensemble models","authors":"Ali J. Ali, Ashraf A. Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a cutting-edge machine learning approach to forecast ammonium (<span><math><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span>) levels in River Lee London. Ammonium concentrations were predicted over several time intervals using a complete dataset that includes temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH. Our technique captures the intricate connections between environmental conditions and ammonium concentrations using developed algorithms, including Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT), Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) levels versus the important factors, considerably improving prediction accuracy. The novel aspect of this study is the utilisation of the TFT model for multi-horizon forecasting, which offers high accuracy and interpretability in hydrological predictions by combining convolutional components with an attention mechanism. The study also demonstrates the effectiveness of the TFT model in capturing short-term fluctuations while retaining accuracy over long time periods, which is a major difficulty in environmental modelling. The models used, have exceptional forecasting skills, predicting 150, 200, 365, 730, and 1095 days based on daily average and 12, 24 and 30 months based on monthly average. This dual-scale model combines flexibility and resilience, making it an effective tool for forecasting both short- and long-term environmental changes. The RF model excelled in long-term forecasts, sustaining high R-squared (R²) (0.97) values and low root mean square error (RMSE) (0.18), and the second best one was the XGBoost with optimiser with R<sup>2</sup> of (0.92) and RMSE of (0.25) with forecasting 1095 days. The results also found that whilst the TFT captured the fluctuations in the short-term, it struggled with the longer-term predictions due to data granularity. The XGBoost model did remarkably well in monthly forecasts up to 12 months, maintaining low RSME. The findings also highlight the necessity of proactive water management techniques to reduce the risk of potential ecological effects, including hypoxia and oxygen depletion. The findings support resource managers in addressing prospective ammonium toxicity concerns such as oxygen depletion and ecological stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100052
Joan Nyika , Daniel Magnone , Iain Gould
Groundwater is an essential freshwater source in the North Sea region (NSR) used in agricultural irrigation, for trade, transport, and tourism in addition to regulating environmental flows. Historical palaeogeographical transformations and human land- and water-use modifications have put the aquifers in the NSR at high risk to groundwater salinization. This review assesses current knowledge on the vulnerability to groundwater salinization in the NSR, threats and mechanisms involved in the process and relates them to the agricultural value of the region, which has not been done previously. Connate salinity, overextraction via groundwater pumping and sea level rise/ climate change driven processes were the main threats to groundwater salinization in the region. Flooding, saline intrusion, irrigation using brackish water and airborne transfer of saline droplets were the main mechanisms propagating salinization. Forty-one studies evaluating on the phenomenon were identified and sixteen of those were from the Netherlands. Numerical modelling using SEAWAT was the commonest method to simulate groundwater salinity. The review highlights the negative influence of groundwater salinization in the NSR agricultural economy and the complexity of the phenomenon, which is controlled by historical landscape changes, human interference through land-use and water-use changes and climate modifications. These complexities were best represented using numerical models and hence, their preference compared to other methods. Numerical modelling is vulnerable to uncertainties in groundwater salinization studies, which can be alleviated through intensified research in underassessed areas using advanced technology and integrated numerical modelling, which incorporates calibration and validation analysis and links subsurface and surface hydrological processes.
{"title":"Groundwater salinization challenges in agriculturally valuable low-lying North Sea region: A review","authors":"Joan Nyika , Daniel Magnone , Iain Gould","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is an essential freshwater source in the North Sea region (NSR) used in agricultural irrigation, for trade, transport, and tourism in addition to regulating environmental flows. Historical palaeogeographical transformations and human land- and water-use modifications have put the aquifers in the NSR at high risk to groundwater salinization. This review assesses current knowledge on the vulnerability to groundwater salinization in the NSR, threats and mechanisms involved in the process and relates them to the agricultural value of the region, which has not been done previously. Connate salinity, overextraction via groundwater pumping and sea level rise/ climate change driven processes were the main threats to groundwater salinization in the region. Flooding, saline intrusion, irrigation using brackish water and airborne transfer of saline droplets were the main mechanisms propagating salinization. Forty-one studies evaluating on the phenomenon were identified and sixteen of those were from the Netherlands. Numerical modelling using SEAWAT was the commonest method to simulate groundwater salinity. The review highlights the negative influence of groundwater salinization in the NSR agricultural economy and the complexity of the phenomenon, which is controlled by historical landscape changes, human interference through land-use and water-use changes and climate modifications. These complexities were best represented using numerical models and hence, their preference compared to other methods. Numerical modelling is vulnerable to uncertainties in groundwater salinization studies, which can be alleviated through intensified research in underassessed areas using advanced technology and integrated numerical modelling, which incorporates calibration and validation analysis and links subsurface and surface hydrological processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100050
Ahsan Shah , Arun Arjunan , Georgina Manning , Maryam Batool , Julia Zakharova , Alisha J. Hawkins , Fatima Ajani , Ioanna Androulaki , Anusha Thumma
This research investigates the individual and combined use of Moringa oleifera (MO) Lam., biochar, and sand to remove turbidity, pathogens, and heavy metals from drinking water. Contaminated water was synthetically prepared using kaolin, standard nickel/lead solutions, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The optimal dose of MO seed protein, extracted in 1 M NaCl solution, was determined using a jar test flocculator. MO treatment reduced water turbidity from 200 to 4 NTU and achieved a 1–2 log reduction in E. coli from an initial count of 1×105 CFU/ml. Nevertheless, no significant reduction in nickel and lead concentrations was noted. Subsequently, the MO-treated water was passed through a biochar column supported on a sand bed, revealing clear water with 1 NTU turbidity and no trace of E. coli counts being detected. The sequential process of using biochar and sand reduced nickel and lead by 97.5 % and 99.3 %, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the treated water met WHO and UK standards for safe drinking water. All experiments were performed in duplicates (n=2; P < 0.05). The scalability and economic feasibility of the project, the mechanism of removal of contaminants by MO and biochar, and the study's limitations are also discussed.
本研究调查了单独或联合使用油辣木（Moringa oleifera (MO) Lam.）、生物炭和沙子去除饮用水中的浊度、病原体和重金属的情况。受污染的水是用高岭土、标准镍/铅溶液和大肠杆菌（E. coli）合成制备的。使用罐式试验絮凝器确定了在 1 M NaCl 溶液中提取的 MO 种子蛋白的最佳剂量。经 MO 处理后，水的浑浊度从 200 降至 4 NTU，大肠杆菌从最初的 1×105 CFU/ml 减少了 1-2 log。然而，镍和铅的浓度并没有明显降低。随后，经 MO 处理过的水通过支撑在沙床上的生物炭柱，发现水质清澈，浊度为 1 NTU，未检测到微量大肠杆菌。使用生物炭和沙子的连续过程分别减少了 97.5% 和 99.3% 的镍和铅。处理后水的理化性质符合世界卫生组织和英国的安全饮用水标准。所有实验均重复进行（n=2；P < 0.05）。此外，还讨论了该项目的可扩展性和经济可行性、MO 和生物炭去除污染物的机理以及研究的局限性。
{"title":"Sequential novel use of Moringa oleifera Lam., biochar, and sand to remove turbidity, E. coli, and heavy metals from drinking water","authors":"Ahsan Shah , Arun Arjunan , Georgina Manning , Maryam Batool , Julia Zakharova , Alisha J. Hawkins , Fatima Ajani , Ioanna Androulaki , Anusha Thumma","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the individual and combined use of <em>Moringa oleifera</em> (MO) Lam., biochar, and sand to remove turbidity, pathogens, and heavy metals from drinking water. Contaminated water was synthetically prepared using kaolin, standard nickel/lead solutions, and <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>). The optimal dose of MO seed protein, extracted in 1 M NaCl solution, was determined using a jar test flocculator. MO treatment reduced water turbidity from 200 to 4 NTU and achieved a 1–2 log reduction in <em>E. coli</em> from an initial count of 1×10<sup>5</sup> CFU/ml. Nevertheless, no significant reduction in nickel and lead concentrations was noted. Subsequently, the MO-treated water was passed through a biochar column supported on a sand bed, revealing clear water with 1 NTU turbidity and no trace of <em>E. coli</em> counts being detected. The sequential process of using biochar and sand reduced nickel and lead by 97.5 % and 99.3 %, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the treated water met WHO and UK standards for safe drinking water. All experiments were performed in duplicates (n=2; P < 0.05). The scalability and economic feasibility of the project, the mechanism of removal of contaminants by MO and biochar, and the study's limitations are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a novel approach for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye is effectively illustrated by using biomass based composite adsorbent. The investigation employed areca nut husk (AH) to produce graphene oxide (GO) by a single step calcination method. Thereafter, AH-GO was incorporated by using ternary metal oxide (TMO) via hydrothermal treatment. The developed AH-GO@MnO-NiO-ZnO composite was characterized by various analytical techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, BET surface area and Raman spectroscopy which exhibited promising properties for dye adsorption. To study the adsorption efficiency of prepared composite, optimization experiments were performed for adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration and contact time. The optimized parameters during adsorption phenomenon were found to be 0.5 g/L of dose, 20 mg/L of initial concentration and 180 min of time exhibiting removal efficacy of 93.05 ± 0.93 %. Moreover, adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were analysed to explore the adsorption behaviour of AH-GO@MnO-NiO-ZnO towards MB dye. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies followed Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order (PSO) model respectively. AH-GO@MnO-NiO-ZnO has demonstrated a maximum adsorption capability of 127.06 mg/g. These findings collectively underscore the potential of AH-based adsorbent as a viable, inexpensive, and environment friendly for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with MB dye.
{"title":"Waste biomass-based graphene oxide decorated with ternary metal oxide (MnO-NiO-ZnO) composite for adsorption of methylene blue dye","authors":"Priyanka Barooah , Nituraj Mushahary , Bipul Das , Sanjay Basumatary","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a novel approach for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye is effectively illustrated by using biomass based composite adsorbent. The investigation employed areca nut husk (AH) to produce graphene oxide (GO) by a single step calcination method. Thereafter, AH-GO was incorporated by using ternary metal oxide (TMO) via hydrothermal treatment. The developed AH-GO@MnO-NiO-ZnO composite was characterized by various analytical techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, BET surface area and Raman spectroscopy which exhibited promising properties for dye adsorption. To study the adsorption efficiency of prepared composite, optimization experiments were performed for adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration and contact time. The optimized parameters during adsorption phenomenon were found to be 0.5 g/L of dose, 20 mg/L of initial concentration and 180 min of time exhibiting removal efficacy of 93.05 ± 0.93 %. Moreover, adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were analysed to explore the adsorption behaviour of AH-GO@MnO-NiO-ZnO towards MB dye. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies followed Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order (PSO) model respectively. AH-GO@MnO-NiO-ZnO has demonstrated a maximum adsorption capability of 127.06 mg/g. These findings collectively underscore the potential of AH-based adsorbent as a viable, inexpensive, and environment friendly for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with MB dye.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100048
Siya Ram , Roshan Lal Gautam , Shweta Singh , Devendra Singh , Ram Naraian , Nahida Arif
The present study investigated the microbial EPEC load exhibiting three distinct marker genes: eaeA, bfp, and stx1 in the river Gomati water across Jaunpur City, India. In order to determine the prevalence of EPEC virulent strains that are multidrug-resistant, eight different public gathering sites on the river were selected from upstream to downstream flow. The highest population of total coliform (5400×103) and fecal coliforms (3500×107) were subsequently recorded from site #5 (Gopi ghat). A total of 46 EPEC strains were virulent, exhibiting eaeA and bfp genes, while none of them harbored the stx1 gene. All 46 strains contained the eaeA gene (100 %); however, only 11 isolates, as 24.10 %, exhibited bfp virulent genes. Most of the EPEC isolates from all seasons were resistant to more than three different classes of variable drugs and confirmed multidrug resistance. The highest 95.7 % of total isolates (44) exhibited resistance against tetracycline, while the lowest four isolates (8.6 %) against ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, it was evident that the bacterial population load and a load of virulent genes were found to be higher in the samples of the city's significant sites. This confirms the large-scale fecal contamination of water either through nearby animals or anthropogenic activities, which are needed to make proper management.
{"title":"Prevalence of multidrug-resistant enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in river Gomti at Jaunpur city","authors":"Siya Ram , Roshan Lal Gautam , Shweta Singh , Devendra Singh , Ram Naraian , Nahida Arif","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigated the microbial EPEC load exhibiting three distinct marker genes: <em>eaeA</em>, <em>bfp,</em> and <em>stx1</em> in the river Gomati water across Jaunpur City, India. In order to determine the prevalence of EPEC virulent strains that are multidrug-resistant, eight different public gathering sites on the river were selected from upstream to downstream flow. The highest population of total coliform (5400×10<sup>3</sup>) and fecal coliforms (3500×10<sup>7</sup>) were subsequently recorded from site #5 (Gopi ghat). A total of 46 EPEC strains were virulent, exhibiting <em>eaeA</em> and <em>bfp</em> genes, while none of them harbored the <em>stx1</em> gene. All 46 strains contained the <em>eaeA</em> gene (100 %); however, only 11 isolates, as 24.10 %, exhibited <em>bfp</em> virulent genes. Most of the EPEC isolates from all seasons were resistant to more than three different classes of variable drugs and confirmed multidrug resistance. The highest 95.7 % of total isolates (44) exhibited resistance against tetracycline, while the lowest four isolates (8.6 %) against ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, it was evident that the bacterial population load and a load of virulent genes were found to be higher in the samples of the city's significant sites. This confirms the large-scale fecal contamination of water either through nearby animals or anthropogenic activities, which are needed to make proper management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100045
Guilherme Malafaia
This letter provides a critical technical analysis of the application of the Freundlich isotherm in the study by Hashem et al. (2024), entitled "Chromium adsorption capacity from tannery wastewater on thermally activated adsorbent derived from kitchen waste biomass." While the study presents an innovative approach by utilizing pumpkin peel as an adsorbent for chromium removal, a critical issue was identified in the formulation and application of the Freundlich isotherm. The authors presented an incorrect mathematical modification of the isotherm, which significantly impacts the validity of the adsorption parameters derived, such as KF and 1/n, and ultimately affects the conclusions drawn about the system's adsorption capacity. Additionally, the assertion that the adsorption process can continue indefinitely is fundamentally flawed based on the principles of adsorption thermodynamics. This letter aims to rectify these discrepancies by revisiting the correct formulation of the Freundlich isotherm and highlighting the importance of accurate mathematical modeling in ensuring scientifically sound and replicable results. Despite these issues, the study remains a valuable contribution to the field, and the suggested revisions would further strengthen its impact.
{"title":"Addressing mathematical discrepancies in the adsorption model of Hashem et al. (2024): A technical commentary","authors":"Guilherme Malafaia","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This letter provides a critical technical analysis of the application of the Freundlich isotherm in the study by Hashem et al. (2024), entitled \"Chromium adsorption capacity from tannery wastewater on thermally activated adsorbent derived from kitchen waste biomass.\" While the study presents an innovative approach by utilizing pumpkin peel as an adsorbent for chromium removal, a critical issue was identified in the formulation and application of the Freundlich isotherm. The authors presented an incorrect mathematical modification of the isotherm, which significantly impacts the validity of the adsorption parameters derived, such as KF and 1/n, and ultimately affects the conclusions drawn about the system's adsorption capacity. Additionally, the assertion that the adsorption process can continue indefinitely is fundamentally flawed based on the principles of adsorption thermodynamics. This letter aims to rectify these discrepancies by revisiting the correct formulation of the Freundlich isotherm and highlighting the importance of accurate mathematical modeling in ensuring scientifically sound and replicable results. Despite these issues, the study remains a valuable contribution to the field, and the suggested revisions would further strengthen its impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100046
Shoaib Hussain , Talib E. Butt , Hina Akram , Hina Fida
Antibiotics are used for treatment and cure infectious diseases in human and animal’s medication. Antibiotics, classified as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), present a significant threat to human and animal health by undermining immune systems. Unabsorbed antibiotics discharged out enter in environment through wastewater and accumulate in soil for absorption in plants and groundwater. From soil and ground water these residual level antibiotics become part of food chain segments and then enter in human or animal body. These residual antibiotics causes resistance in microbes and thus these antibiotics become ineffective in treatment of diseases. Exposure to antibiotic POPs occurs through direct and indirect routes, such as consuming contaminated food like meat, milk, and vegetables, altering the body's microbial balance. Numerous scientific studies have detected residual antibiotic levels in environmental samples, emphasizing the widespread contamination. Wastewater is the most polluted ecosystem segment, acting as the primary source of antibiotic introduction, while soil ranks second, influencing antibiotic accumulation in plants and groundwater leaching. Degradation of antibiotics has been carried out by means of different type of processes like ozonation, Fenton reagent oxidation, and photocatalytic oxidation processes. The photocatalytic degradation technique is considered most appropriate for the removal of antibiotics pollutants with high mineralization rate, high efficiency, and are quite simple in operation with cost effective. Research on photocatalysts for antibiotic degradation reveals factors like light intensity, exposure time, pH, catalyst quantity, temperature, and solution clarity affecting efficacy. Although promising for removing antibiotic waste from effluents, achieving complete removal remains a challenge, necessitating investigation into photocatalyst stability and treatment mechanisms for comprehensive antibiotic elimination.
{"title":"Life cycle of medicinal compounds from life saving to life threating component in environment – Innovative use of nanotechnology for treatment","authors":"Shoaib Hussain , Talib E. Butt , Hina Akram , Hina Fida","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotics are used for treatment and cure infectious diseases in human and animal’s medication. Antibiotics, classified as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), present a significant threat to human and animal health by undermining immune systems. Unabsorbed antibiotics discharged out enter in environment through wastewater and accumulate in soil for absorption in plants and groundwater. From soil and ground water these residual level antibiotics become part of food chain segments and then enter in human or animal body. These residual antibiotics causes resistance in microbes and thus these antibiotics become ineffective in treatment of diseases. Exposure to antibiotic POPs occurs through direct and indirect routes, such as consuming contaminated food like meat, milk, and vegetables, altering the body's microbial balance. Numerous scientific studies have detected residual antibiotic levels in environmental samples, emphasizing the widespread contamination. Wastewater is the most polluted ecosystem segment, acting as the primary source of antibiotic introduction, while soil ranks second, influencing antibiotic accumulation in plants and groundwater leaching. Degradation of antibiotics has been carried out by means of different type of processes like ozonation, Fenton reagent oxidation, and photocatalytic oxidation processes. The photocatalytic degradation technique is considered most appropriate for the removal of antibiotics pollutants with high mineralization rate, high efficiency, and are quite simple in operation with cost effective. Research on photocatalysts for antibiotic degradation reveals factors like light intensity, exposure time, pH, catalyst quantity, temperature, and solution clarity affecting efficacy. Although promising for removing antibiotic waste from effluents, achieving complete removal remains a challenge, necessitating investigation into photocatalyst stability and treatment mechanisms for comprehensive antibiotic elimination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100046"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100047
Shaikh Abdur Razzak
Microalgae-based systems offer an eco-friendly solution for municipal wastewater treatment by sequestering nutrients and carbon dioxide. However, high ammonium levels in municipal wastewater create competition between microalgae and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The synergy in microalgae-bacteria consortia enhances nitrogen and phosphorus removal, utilizing solar energy and facilitating beneficial gas exchange, which reduces traditional aeration costs. Despite this, the complexity of these systems complicates the understanding of their metabolic processes. This review examines the competition for ammonium uptake between microalgae and bacteria, factors influencing this competition, methods to measure their activities, and strategies to control nitrification for improved treatment efficacy. Integrating microalgae-bacteria consortia in municipal wastewater treatment faces challenges in maintaining microbial community control and process stability. The paper explores biological processes, bioreactor technologies, limitations, and large-scale applicability. Addressing global water demand, the collaboration between microalgae and bacteria presents a sustainable, carbon-neutral solution for nutrient removal.
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Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100044
Asif Iqbal Shah , Nibedita Das Pan
The Kashmir Valley has frequently endured devastating floods, presenting significant challenges for flood management due to unpredictable flood magnitudes and limited pre-disaster preparedness. A major difficulty in addressing these challenges is the lack of reliable flood frequency analysis (FFA) for effective planning and mitigation. This study seeks to overcome these issues by employing a rigorous quantitative analysis of annual peak discharge data over a 51-year period (1971–2021). One key challenge was the presence of low outliers, which could compromise the integrity of the data. To address this, the Multiple Grubbs-Beck test was applied to remove these outliers before conducting FFA. The study's original achievement lies in its application of multiple distribution models which include Gumbel (EV1), Generalized Extreme Variations (GEV), Log-Normal, Log Pearson III (LP III), Gamma and Normal distribution. Goodness-of-fit tests, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), Anderson-Darling (AD), and Chi-square at the 5 % significance level, along with visualization techniques such as Probability plots (PP), Quantile plots (QQ), and Probabilistic distribution (PD) graphs, were used to identify the most suitable distribution methods. The Log Pearson Type III (LP-III) was identified as the best fit for the Sangam gauge site (Upper Jhelum), the gamma distribution for Ram Munshibagh (Middle Jhelum), and the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and LP-III for Asham (Lower Jhelum). For Sangam, the estimated discharges for 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250-year return periods were 549.63, 1028.43, 1471.34, 2907.64, 3758.92, 4338.61, 4790.99, and 5167.23 cumecs, respectively, using LP-III. For Ram Munshibagh, the discharges were 602.13, 911.03, 1107.04, 1512.12, 1674.35, 1767.0, 1831.87, and 1881.74 cumecs using the gamma distribution. For Asham, the discharges were 685.8, 998.0, 1193.3, 1593.2, 1750.6, 1839.4, 1901.0, and 1948.0 cumecs using the GEV distribution. The findings indicate that the Jhelum River cannot accommodate excess discharge for return periods of 5 years or more, underscoring the need for enhanced flood management strategies.
{"title":"Evaluation of probability distribution methods for flood frequency analysis in the Jhelum Basin of North-Western Himalayas, India","authors":"Asif Iqbal Shah , Nibedita Das Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kashmir Valley has frequently endured devastating floods, presenting significant challenges for flood management due to unpredictable flood magnitudes and limited pre-disaster preparedness. A major difficulty in addressing these challenges is the lack of reliable flood frequency analysis (FFA) for effective planning and mitigation. This study seeks to overcome these issues by employing a rigorous quantitative analysis of annual peak discharge data over a 51-year period (1971–2021). One key challenge was the presence of low outliers, which could compromise the integrity of the data. To address this, the Multiple Grubbs-Beck test was applied to remove these outliers before conducting FFA. The study's original achievement lies in its application of multiple distribution models which include Gumbel (EV1), Generalized Extreme Variations (GEV), Log-Normal, Log Pearson III (LP III), Gamma and Normal distribution. Goodness-of-fit tests, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), Anderson-Darling (AD), and Chi-square at the 5 % significance level, along with visualization techniques such as Probability plots (PP), Quantile plots (QQ), and Probabilistic distribution (PD) graphs, were used to identify the most suitable distribution methods. The Log Pearson Type III (LP-III) was identified as the best fit for the Sangam gauge site (Upper Jhelum), the gamma distribution for Ram Munshibagh (Middle Jhelum), and the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and LP-III for Asham (Lower Jhelum). For Sangam, the estimated discharges for 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250-year return periods were 549.63, 1028.43, 1471.34, 2907.64, 3758.92, 4338.61, 4790.99, and 5167.23 cumecs, respectively, using LP-III. For Ram Munshibagh, the discharges were 602.13, 911.03, 1107.04, 1512.12, 1674.35, 1767.0, 1831.87, and 1881.74 cumecs using the gamma distribution. For Asham, the discharges were 685.8, 998.0, 1193.3, 1593.2, 1750.6, 1839.4, 1901.0, and 1948.0 cumecs using the GEV distribution. The findings indicate that the Jhelum River cannot accommodate excess discharge for return periods of 5 years or more, underscoring the need for enhanced flood management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100257,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Water","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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