Bioremediation approaches for chromium detoxification and transformation: Advanced strategies and future Perspectives

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] contamination poses a significant environmental and public health risk due to its widespread industrial use, toxic nature, and carcinogenic properties. Conventional Cr(VI) remediation methods, including electrochemical processes, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and adsorption, face challenges such as high energy consumption and incomplete detoxification. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of cutting-edge bioremediation techniques for Cr(VI) removal, with an emphasis on microbial mechanisms involving bacteria and fungi. Bioremediation approaches, particularly those utilizing Cr(VI)-resistant microorganisms, present promising, eco-friendly, and cost-effective solutions for chromium pollution mitigation. The mechanisms of biosorption, bioaccumulation, and bio-reduction employed by these microorganisms are thoroughly examined. Furthermore, the review addresses the scalability and practical application of these biotechnologies in wastewater treatment facilities. This analysis highlights the critical need for innovative, sustainable chromium bioremediation strategies and outlines future research directions to advance this vital field.