Effect of non-equilibrium phase transition on the aero-thermodynamic performance of supercritical carbon dioxide compressors

Phase transition is a prominent issue for the supercritical CO₂ compressors operating near the critical region. The non-equilibrium behavior of phase transition makes it difficult to accurately predict performance under these conditions. A non-equilibrium phase transition model is proposed to analyze the aero-thermodynamic performance of supercritical CO₂ centrifugal compressors with different inlet conditions. The model examines phase change characteristics and compressor performance under variable operating conditions. The results indicate that this model can effectively predict the aero-thermodynamic performance of compressor near critical conditions, with an average error of less than 2% in the performance curves. The inconsistency between low-temperature and low-pressure regions, along with the increase in liquid phase volume, are typical characteristics of non-equilibrium phase transition in supercritical CO₂ compressors. The non-equilibrium effect of phase transition can reduce the leakage loss at high flow rates, but also increases the likelihood of stall at low flow rates. Furthermore, the concept of “non-equilibrium degree” (NED) is introduced to quantify these effects. When NED exceeds 0.2, the isentropic efficiency of the compressor decreases by 15.1% compared to its maximum efficiency. Designing inlet conditions for supercritical CO₂ compressors with NED below 0.1 is more suitable because it has a larger inlet flowrate and higher efficiency.