The urgent need for developing and implementing a multisectoral One Health strategy for the surveillance, prevention, and control of eumycetoma

The complex and large diversity of pathogens involved in the development of eumycetoma, including more than 60 fungal species, presents a significant challenge for global health. Eumycetoma agents infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, plants, and agricultural and food products, with persisting presence in the environment worldwide. Therefore, the disease has been devastating human, animal, and environmental health, as well as socio-cultural and economic status, food security, and safety. Recently, a substantial increase in the incidence rates, diversity of hosts, and geographical distribution has been reported worldwide; this change is enhanced by several factors, including climate change, globalization, inadequate living conditions, and low hygiene and sanitation practices. In this review, we summarize the diversity and prevalence of the main agents of eumycetoma among humans, animals, plants, agricultural products, and the environment. We have also summarized persisting challenges in the early detection and diagnosis, surveillance, prevention, treatment, and control of eumycetoma. This will inform policymaking, strategic planning, and resources mobilization and guide the implementation of cost-effective interventions. The interconnectedness of eumycetoma across different host-species calls for the implementation of a multisectoral One Health strategy for the surveillance, prevention, and control of eumycetoma. We recommend improving the reporting and immediate sharing of related public health data to raise awareness among the general population, health care providers, and public health leaders.