Review on the mechanisms and emerging prospects of biocatalytic dye degradation: Reactor systems and optimization strategies

The widespread use of dyes has resulted in a concerning rise in the discharge of hazardous substances into the environment. The allergenic and carcinogenic properties of dyes pose significant risks to both human health and the environment. Various approaches are being used to address the mounting ecological issues associated with dye pollution. The process of degradation is tedious due to the persistent, recalcitrant, and non-degradable nature of dyes. Biocatalytic degradation represents a promising approach in addressing the environmental impacts caused by synthetic dyes. Biocatalytic techniques use enzymes and microorganisms to break down complex dye compounds. Certain processes, such as redox reactions aided by laccases, azo-reductases, and peroxidases, are involved in the degradation process. The performance and applicability of several bioreactor designs, including batch, continuous, and bed bioreactors, for dye degradation is reviewed. The effectiveness of the bio-catalytic degradation process has been addressed in relation to enhancement techniques including immobilization and genetic modification. The incorporation of cutting-edge technology holds considerable potential for the sustainable treatment of wastewater tainted with dyes, despite obstacles related to the economy and ecology.