Regenerative Braking in PV-Mounted Electric Vehicle With Reduced Switch VSI-Driven BLDC Motor and HAP-FUP Controller

The electric vehicle’s overall efficiency can be augmented through the implementation of the regenerative braking system (RBS), which serves to extend the drive range. This paper explores a method for further increasing said range by implementing a roof-mounted photovoltaic (PV) system in conjunction with RBS, resulting in an impressive 25.14% increase to the vehicle’s driving distance. The roof-mounted PV and regenerative braking work together to charge the dual battery pack present within the vehicle, following a specific sequence as dictated by its controller. Maximum energy is extracted from the PV module via employment of a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, while propulsion is provided through utilization of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor driven by reduced switch voltage source inverter (VSI). The BLDC motor itself is controlled utilizing field-oriented control (FoC), with hybrid ANN-PID and Fuzzy-PID (HAP-FUP) controllers employed at the outer loop; furthermore, HAP-FUP controller performance was compared favorably against other top controllers such as model predictive controller (MPC), sliding mode controller (SMC), and conventional PID controller, ultimately demonstrating superior performance when it comes to reducing rise time and settling time of vehicle speed.