Advances in solar desalination using 2D and biomass derived materials: A roadmap to sustainability

Considering the worldwide water crisis, desalination is a technological remedy that is becoming more dependent on nanocomposites for revolutionary breakthroughs. The water crisis is resolved by desalination, but prices, energy requirements, environmental effects, and brine disposal continue to be major obstacles on a worldwide scale. The solution is solar desalination, yet its effectiveness is restricted since when nanoparticles are used in solar desalination, the process becomes more efficient, scalable, economical, and ecologically friendly. This paper offers a thorough examination of several solar thermal desalination methods, covering steam production systems, their architectures, processes, and the contribution of various 2D and biomass-derived materials to increased desalination efficiency. With an emphasis on process performance, advantages, constraints, and economic stability, we critically examined previous research. Through the identification of research needs and the use of current knowledge, this study seeks to promote the development of sustainable solar thermal desalination technologies and water transport and thermal management for the best outcome, therefore supporting the integration of renewable energy and water production for a resilient and water-secure future.