Numerical study of regular wave dynamics for optimizing coral reef restoration

Understanding wave dynamics is pivotal to the success of coral transplantation within reef restoration initiatives. Inappropriately transplant conditions can negatively impact coral growth, and may even lead to their demise. Given the inherently slow growth of corals, it is challenging to empirically or experimentally determine the optimal hydrological environment conditions involved in reef restoration. This study introduces a three-dimensional numerical wave flume to precisely simulate the complex interactions of artificial coral reefs with wave forces at various developmental stages. This study reveals that the efficacy of the wave-attenuating effect is heavily influenced by factors such as water depth and reef porosity. Shallow water depths notably enhance wave attenuation, stimulating coral growth by promoting dynamic water mixing. Coral reefs with porosity above 0.75 exhibit changes in transmission coefficient but have minor effects on coral-wave interactions. The optimal water depth for a successful transplant should range between 1.5 and 2.5 times the height of the reef platform. An optimal distribution of corals across the shelf, occupying 25–30% of the total volume, is crucial for effective transplantation. These findings contribute not only to the rejuvenation of coral reef ecosystems but also augment the protective attributes of corals in coastal regions.