Revolutionizing Shoulder Arthroplasty: The Transformative Impact of Extended Reality, Robotics, and Artificial Intelligence on Training, Planning, and Execution

Technological innovations in shoulder arthroplasty could play a major role in addressing problems of implant positioning, stability, and longevity and optimizing patient outcomes. This review discusses the role of extended reality, navigation, patient-specific instrumentation, robotics and artificial intelligence and their applications in training, preoperative planning and intraoperative execution. These nascent technologies have the potential to deliver extraordinary value to patients requiring shoulder arthroplasty but long-term prospective clinical data justifying their mainstream use is currently lacking.