Combating microplastic pollution in Malaysia's marine ecosystems using technological solutions, policy instruments, and public participation: A review

Microplastic pollution poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems, impacting biodiversity and human health. These ecosystems, vital for supporting fisheries, regulating climate, and providing recreation, are highly vulnerable to pollutants like microplastics—tiny plastic particles under 5 mm in size. Microplastics originate from the breakdown of larger plastic debris and the release of microbeads from personal care products. This pollution poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems, affecting biodiversity and human health. The aim of this review is to assess the current state of microplastic pollution in Malaysia's marine environments and to evaluate the effectiveness of technological solutions, policy measures, and public engagement in addressing this challenge. Specifically, the review seeks to examine the role of advancements such as microplastic detection sensors and biodegradable materials, which show potential for mitigating pollution in the aquatic ecosystems. Recent studies show a 20 % improvement in detection accuracy through advanced sensor technologies, enhancing the precision of targeted clean-up operations. Pilot projects using biodegradable polymers have decreased microplastic release by 15 %, pointing to promising shifts in material usage. Stricter plastic waste management regulations have been implemented by the Malaysian government, including plastic bag bans in select states, resulting in a 30 % reduction in plastic bag usage and a corresponding decrease in microplastic inputs to marine ecosystems. Microplastic monitoring programs have led to a rise in public awareness, with a 40 % increase in voluntary clean-ups and a 50 % improvement in public understanding of microplastic issues. These combined efforts—advanced technology, policy enforcement, and community engagement—demonstrate a multi-faceted approach toward reducing microplastic pollution and fostering environmental stewardship in Malaysia. Overall, while advancements in technology, policy, and public engagement offer promise in reducing microplastic pollution, several challenges persist. Key barriers include the lack of a comprehensive national strategy, insufficient enforcement of existing policies, and limited awareness, especially in rural communities. This study underscores the importance of a multi-dimensional approach—combining technological innovations, strengthened regulatory frameworks, and active public participation—to effectively address microplastic pollution in Malaysia's marine ecosystems. The contribution of this work lies in its holistic perspective on combating microplastic pollution, emphasizing the critical roles of technology, policy, and community action. By advocating for integrated efforts, this review provides a foundation for ongoing research, informed policy-making, and community engagement that are essential to preserving marine ecosystems for future.