Advances and challenges in hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric systems for renewable energy

Integrating thermoelectric generators (TEGs) with photovoltaic (PV) devices presents an effective strategy to enhance the power generation of PV cells, thus substantially contributing to the widespread adoption of solar energy. By harnessing both photon and heat energy from sunlight, this integration maximizes energy capture and improves overall system efficiency, thereby advancing the feasibility and scalability of solar energy generation. This article provides a timely review of the advances and challenges in hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric generator (PV-TEG) technology, covering fundamentals, the impact of thermal, contact, and load resistance on performance, various integration options (such as hybrid PV-TEG systems with spectral splitters, phase change materials, and thermal systems), thermal management, feasibility, economic and environmental aspects, and long-term efficiency improvements. Following a detailed analysis and review of extensive progress, PV-TEG systems demonstrate higher efficiency across diverse environmental conditions compared to standalone PV devices. Finally, we address constraints, propose potential remedies, and point out future directions in the field.