Shifting phenology as a key driver of shelf zooplankton population variability

The timing of biological events, known as phenology, plays a key role in shaping ecosystem dynamics, and climate change can significantly alter these timings. The Gulf of Maine on the Northeast U.S. Shelf is vulnerable to warming temperatures and other climate impacts, which could affect the distribution and production of plankton species sensitive to phenological shifts. In this study, we apply a novel data-driven modeling approach to long-term datasets to understand the population variability of Calanus finmarchicus, a lipid-rich copepod that is fundamental to the Gulf of Maine food web. Our results reveal how phenology impacts the complex intermingling of top-down and bottom-up controls. We find that early initiation of the annual phytoplankton bloom prompts an early start to the reproductive season for populations of C. finmarchicus in the inner Gulf of Maine, resulting in high spring abundance. This spring condition appears to be conducive to enhanced predation pressure later in the season, consequently resulting in overall low C. finmarchicus abundance in the fall. These biologically controlled dynamics are less pronounced in the outer Gulf of Maine, where water exchanges near the boundary have a greater influence. Our analysis augments existing hypotheses in fisheries oceanography and classical ecological theory by considering unique plankton life-history characteristics and shelf sea dynamics, offering new insights into the biological factors driving C. finmarchicus variability.