Aerodynamic robust optimization design of the coaxial rotor for a Mars helicopter

This paper addresses the challenges of designing aerodynamic rotors for Mars helicopters, particularly in the highly variable Martian atmosphere. Traditional deterministic rotor designs targeted at a single atmospheric condition often result in significant performance deviations under varying conditions. This research initiates with an in-depth analysis of Martian atmospheric characteristics, followed by the establishment of a probabilistic model for atmospheric density. Subsequently, a robust aerodynamic model for a Mars coaxial rotor is developed, utilizing a combination of the viscous vortex particle method and the vortex in cell method. Through robust optimization, this study enhances the rotor's resilience to atmospheric fluctuations, ensuring improved flight safety and reliability. The findings underscore the necessity and effectiveness of robust optimization techniques in enhancing the adaptability and operational stability of rotorcraft on Mars in response to uncertainties in atmospheric density.