A simple approach to quantifying whole‐lake methane ebullition and sedimentary methane production, and its application to the Canadian Lake Pulse dataset

Aquatic sediments represent a key component for understanding CH4 dynamics and emission to the atmosphere. Once produced in the sediments, CH4 is released either by diffusion at the sediment–water interface or by bubbling out to the atmosphere when total gas pressure in the sediment exceeds local ambient pressure due to high CH4 production. Although bubbling is one of the dominant CH4 emission pathways in lakes, direct measurements of this flux are hampered by its high spatiotemporal variability and methodological limitations. Here, we develop a conceptual approach to quantify CH4 production in lake sediments and particularly its release as bubbles based on simple measurements of bubble gas content and depth. Its main assumptions were empirically tested using > 200 long‐term bubble trap deployments collected from 4 temperate lakes. We then applied the developed methodology to a suite of 408 Canadian lakes to produce the first standardized large‐scale assessment of lakes CH4 ebullitive flux during summer. Our results show that lake sediments produced CH4 at a median rate of 3.3 mmol m−2 d−1 (ranged from 0.2 to 11.8 mmol m−2 d−1), releasing 33% via ebullition to the atmosphere. These rates are remarkably similar in magnitude to other regional estimates in the literature. Moreover, our approach revealed that catchment slope was an important determinant of both the lake‐wide ebullitive fluxes and the fraction of sediment CH4 production released as bubbles.