Rachel H. Parkinson, Eileen F. Power, Kieran Walter, Alex E. McDermott-Roberts, Jonathan G. Pattrick, Geraldine A. Wright
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引用次数: 0
摘要
花蜜是植物为吸引动物到花上授粉而产生的(尼科尔森&;索恩伯格,2007)。大多数花蜜主要由糖(主要是蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖)组成,但第二丰富的代谢物是游离氨基酸(AAs) (Nicolson &;索恩伯格,2007)。游离的AAs在花蜜中无处不在,尽管数量会有很大的变化(Baker &;贝克,1975;Gottsberger et al., 1984;园丁,吉尔曼,2001;Vandelook等人,2019),它们的浓度(微摩尔到毫摩尔)大大低于碳水化合物(Nicolson, 2022)。花蜜中的游离AAs可以来自韧皮部,但也可以由花蜜本身产生(参见Göttlinger &;Lohaus, 2024)。花蜜中游离活性氧的浓度通常低于其他植物组织,可能比蜜腺和韧皮部低100倍(Lohaus &;Schwerdtfeger, 2014;Bertazzini,馥兰妮,2016;Gottlinger,Lohaus, 2024)。而花蜜AA谱(不同AA的相对丰度)可能与蜜汁相似(Göttlinger &;Lohaus, 2022),它通常不同于蜜糖(Göttlinger &;Lohaus, 2024)和韧皮部(Lohaus &;Schwerdtfeger, 2014;Bertazzini,Forlani, 2016)组成,这表明花蜜AA谱不仅仅是韧皮部成分的简单过滤。花蜜AAs在分泌后可通过花粉污染或微生物作用等因素发生一些修饰(Peay et al., 2012;Bogo等人,2021),尽管花蜜AA谱也可能受到植物更直接的控制,并受到传粉者选择的驱动(Tiedge &;Lohaus, 2017;Göttlinger等人,2019)。一些作者已经证明了传粉者群体与花蜜AA谱和浓度之间的联系(Baker &;贝克,1975;Petanidou等,2006;Tiedge,Lohaus, 2017;Gottlinger,Lohaus, 2024);然而,其他人发现AAs不如其他花蜜成分重要(Göttlinger等人,2019;Vandelook et al., 2019)。对寻找花蜜AA和传粉者群体之间相关性的一个批评是,同一植物物种中AA的浓度在个体之间会有很大的差异(Gardener &;吉尔曼,2001;Gijbels et al., 2014)。然而,大规模研究发现,虽然浓度不同,但个体AAs的相对丰度在物种内更为一致(Gardener &;Gillman, 2001a),这表明AA特征可能是传粉媒介驱动选择的更好目标,而不是绝对浓度。基于AA组成的授粉者对花蜜的区分可以反映代谢需求(mevi - sch<e:1> tz &;Erhardt, 2005)或品味(Gardener &;吉尔曼,2002)。昆虫传粉者,如蜜蜂,依赖花粉作为其主要的蛋白质来源(Wright等人,2018),只有从免费果酸的花蜜来源中获得次要的好处(Nicolson, 2022)。然而,不消耗花粉的传粉媒介,如一些蝴蝶,可能更多地依赖于花蜜衍生的AAs (Erhardt &;Rusterholz, 1998;Mevi-Schutz,Erhardt, 2005;贝克,2007)。由于这个原因,有人可能会预测蜜蜂对含有游离aa的花蜜溶液没有表现出强烈的偏好。然而,比起含有非必需氨基酸(NEAAs)的溶液,蜜蜂更喜欢含有一种EAAs的糖溶液,其中对苯丙氨酸的偏好最强(Hendriksma &;Shafir, 2016),一种在高浓度花蜜中经常发现的化合物(Petanidou et al., 2006)。据报道,糖溶液中的其他游离氨基酸,如EAA蛋氨酸,可以抑制蜜蜂的摄食(Inouye &;沃勒,1984;Simcock et al., 2014)。NEAA脯氨酸引起了特别的研究关注,因为它被发现是许多花蜜中的主要AA (Kaczorowski et al., 2005;Carter et al., 2006;Terrab et al., 2007),也是两种蜜蜂血淋巴中的主要AA (Crailsheim &;Leonhard, 1997)和大黄蜂(Stabler et al., 2015)。脯氨酸也可以作为驱动昆虫飞行的基质(Bursell, 1975;Auerswald,Gäde, 1999),尽管在蜜蜂中这种作用的证据是模棱两可的。在蜜蜂中,血淋巴脯氨酸浓度在飞行后显著降低(Barker &;雷纳,1972;Micheu等人,2000),尽管与碳水化合物相比,碳水化合物的比例贡献很小(Barker &;雷纳,1972)。当暴露于脯氨酸时,从Bombus impatiens大黄蜂分离的飞行肌肉显示呼吸速率显著增加(Teulier等人,2016);然而,在雄性大黄蜂B. terrestris的线粒体中没有发现这种效应(Syromyatnikov et al., 2013)。
期刊介绍:
New Phytologist is an international electronic journal published 24 times a year. It is owned by the New Phytologist Foundation, a non-profit-making charitable organization dedicated to promoting plant science. The journal publishes excellent, novel, rigorous, and timely research and scholarship in plant science and its applications. The articles cover topics in five sections: Physiology & Development, Environment, Interaction, Evolution, and Transformative Plant Biotechnology. These sections encompass intracellular processes, global environmental change, and encourage cross-disciplinary approaches. The journal recognizes the use of techniques from molecular and cell biology, functional genomics, modeling, and system-based approaches in plant science. Abstracting and Indexing Information for New Phytologist includes Academic Search, AgBiotech News & Information, Agroforestry Abstracts, Biochemistry & Biophysics Citation Index, Botanical Pesticides, CAB Abstracts®, Environment Index, Global Health, and Plant Breeding Abstracts, and others.