Mohammad F. Azim, Levi B. Gifford, Mazen Alazem, Jesse D. Woodson, Tessa M. Burch-Smith
Data availability
The RNA seq data were deposited in the NCBI SRA under the accession no. PRJNA1301871.
数据可用性RNA序列数据保存在NCBI SRA中，登录号为：PRJNA1301871。
{"title":"Tetrapyrrole biosynthetic intermediates act as chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signals to regulate intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata","authors":"Mohammad F. Azim, Levi B. Gifford, Mazen Alazem, Jesse D. Woodson, Tessa M. Burch-Smith","doi":"10.1111/nph.70978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70978","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>Data availability</h2>\u0000<p>The RNA seq data were deposited in the NCBI SRA under the accession no. PRJNA1301871.</p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Reproductive strategies in angiosperms are highly variable and their life history can be annual, biennial, or perennial (Friedman, <span>2020</span>). Most Angiosperm species are perennial, but annuals have evolved repeatedly (Hjertaas <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). These differences in life cycle can have profound effects on the ecology and competitiveness of a plant and are largely dependent on variation in meristem fate. Annual plants such as <i>Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)</i> Heyn undergo rapid, single-season growth, with the shoot apical (SAM) and axillary meristems (AMs) transitioning to reproductive growth. The plant then sets seeds and senesces, and all the meristems are consumed (Hensel <i>et al</i>., <span>1994</span>). By contrast, perennials, such as <i>Arabis alpina</i> L., live for several years, alternating between vegetative and reproductive phases. Some AMs remain vegetative, while others undergo floral transition, with vegetative branches entering dormancy to regenerate new growth (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>). The Brassicaceae family has emerged as a model to understand the genetics of diversification of life history, because sister annual and perennial species have evolved several times independently (Kiefer <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>; Zhai <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>).</p> <p>The variation in meristem fate that underlies differences in the plant life cycle in the Brassicaceae is conferred by floral repressors in the MADS domain family, particularly in clades related to FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Madrid <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Zhai <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). In <i>A. thaliana</i>, <i>FLC</i> confers a flowering response to winter cold (vernalization). Cold exposure silences <i>FLC</i> transcription, and this repression persists after returning to warm conditions through stable histone modifications at the <i>FLC</i> locus (Michaels & Amasino, <span>1999</span>; Sheldon <i>et al</i>., <span>1999</span>; Bastow <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Sung & Amasino, <span>2004</span>). The stable repression of <i>FLC</i> in the warm allows the SAM and all AMs to form flowers, leading to the production of seeds. In perennial <i>A. alpina</i>, the <i>FLC</i> orthologue <i>PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1</i> (<i>PEP1</i>) is repressed during vernalization allowing floral transition to occur in all meristems (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Lazaro <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>). However, on return to warm, transcription of <i>PEP1</i> is reactivated, maintaining meristems that have not undergone floral transition in the vegetative state (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>). In <i>A. alpina</i> and several other Brassicaceae species, mutation of the <i>FLC</i> orthologue causes continuous flowering in which all AMs flower independently of vernalization (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Zhou <i>et al</i>.,
被子植物的繁殖策略是高度可变的，它们的生活史可以是一年生、两年生或多年生（Friedman, 2020）。大多数被子植物都是多年生植物，但一年生植物也经过反复进化（Hjertaas et al., 2023）。这些生命周期的差异可以对植物的生态和竞争力产生深远的影响，并在很大程度上取决于分生组织命运的变化。一年生植物如拟南芥（L.）海因属单季快速生长，由茎尖（SAM）和腋生分生组织（AMs）过渡到生殖生长。然后植物产生种子和衰老，所有的分生组织都被消耗掉（Hensel et al., 1994）。相比之下，多年生植物，如Arabis alpina L.，可以存活数年，在营养和生殖阶段交替。一些am保持营养状态，而另一些则经历花的转变，营养分支进入休眠状态以再生新的生长（R. Wang et al., 2009）。芸苔科已经成为了解生活史多样化遗传学的一个模型，因为姐妹的一年生和多年生物种已经独立进化了几次（Kiefer et al., 2017; Zhai et al., 2024）。构成十字花科植物生命周期差异的分生组织命运的变化是由MADS结构域家族中的花抑制因子赋予的，特别是与开花位点C （FLC）相关的分支（R. Wang et al., 2009; Madrid et al., 2021; Zhai et al., 2024）。在拟南芥中，FLC赋予对冬季寒冷的开花反应（春化）。冷暴露使FLC转录沉默，这种抑制在返回温暖条件后通过FLC位点稳定的组蛋白修饰持续存在（Michaels & Amasino, 1999； Sheldon等，1999；Bastow等，2004;Sung & Amasino, 2004）。温暖环境中FLC的稳定抑制使SAM和所有AMs形成花，从而产生种子。在多年生A. alpina中，FLC同源永久开花1 （PEP1）在春化过程中被抑制，从而使所有分生组织发生花的转变（R. Wang et al., 2009; Lazaro et al., 2018）。然而，回到温暖环境后，PEP1的转录被重新激活，维持了植物状态下未经历花转化的分生组织（R. Wang et al., 2009）。在A. alpina和其他几种十字花科植物中，FLC同源基因突变导致所有十字花科植物不依赖春化而连续开花（R. Wang et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2013; Zhai et al., 2024）。MADS影响开花（MAF）家族的FLC相关基因以及相关的开花位点M （FLM）或MAF相关（MAR）家族也有助于抑制十字花科多年生植物的开花，并且与FLC同源物在遗传上完全冗余（Madrid et al., 2021; Zhai et al., 2024）。除了春化，其他环境和发育因素通过优化繁殖时间的途径网络控制拟南芥的花过渡（Kinoshita & Richter, 2020）。在这些途径中，有一条涉及SQUAMOSA启动子结合蛋白样（SPL）转录因子（J. W. Wang等，2009），该转录因子受miR156负调控（Rhoades等，2002）。MIR156基因的转录在较老的植物中受到抑制，从而允许SPLs的表达，因此，该途径被认为是与年龄相关的开花途径。SPL15受到miR156的负调控，也受到FLC的转录抑制，使其成为年龄相关途径和春化途径之间的关键趋同点。在多年生植物中，这种相互作用使开花对春化的响应具有年龄依赖性（Bergonzi等人，2013；Zhou等人，2013；Hyun等人，2019）。与春化和衰老相比，光周期途径在调节高山桤木及相关多年生植物花的转变中的作用尚未得到充分的研究。这种广泛保守的途径对于同步开花与波动的日长很重要，并且可能是理解高山草如何在高海拔或高纬度栖息地最大化其繁殖成功的关键。拟南芥和许多其他芸苔科植物是兼性长日照（LD）植物，当暴露于每24小时周期内的长光周期时，开花时间要早得多。拟南芥暴露在长光周期下会增加CONSTANS （CO）基因的转录，并稳定其编码的B-box转录因子（Valverde et al., 2004; Sawa et al., 2007）。CO随后激活韧皮部伴生细胞中FT及其孪生姊妹FT （TSF）的转录（Kardailsky et al., 1999; Kobayashi et al., 1999; An et al., 2004）。FT成花蛋白通过韧皮部运输到SAM，在那里它启动花的转变（Corbesier et al., 2007; Jaeger &; Wigge, 2007; Mathieu et al., 2007）。 在非诱导短日（SD）条件下，开花通过SPL转录因子的活性独立于CO-FT模块发生（J. W. Wang et al., 2009; Hyun et al., 2016）。CO和FT同源物在草本多年生植物中的作用尚未得到详细研究。然而，FT基因与拟南芥（拟南芥的多年生亲缘植物）的开花控制、森林草莓的花序发育以及多年生树木的芽休眠调控有关（Böhlenius等人，2006；Hsu等人，2011；Kemi等人，2019;andr<s:1>等人，2022；Lembinen等人，2023）。本文研究了CO-FT调控模块在模式多年生高山桤木开花中的作用。利用CRISPR-Cas9技术，我们生成了A. alpina CO和FT/TSF基因的突变，并分析了它们在pep1突变背景下的影响。我们发现，FT或CO基因的突变严重延迟了开花时间，但也对初生枝（PS）的花序发育产生了意想不到的强烈影响，以至于突变体不能形成花序分枝（花序期1 (I1)）或花（花序期2 (I2)）。此外，我们发现Aaco pep1突变体在叶腋形成的腋枝（ab）上开花，而Aaft tsfls pep1突变体在这些ab上不开花。我们讨论了这些基因对高山杨多年生生命周期的影响。
{"title":"In perennial Arabis alpina, CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T have common and distinct effects on flowering and inflorescence architecture","authors":"Niharika Sashidhar, George Coupland","doi":"10.1111/nph.70994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70994","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Reproductive strategies in angiosperms are highly variable and their life history can be annual, biennial, or perennial (Friedman, <span>2020</span>). Most Angiosperm species are perennial, but annuals have evolved repeatedly (Hjertaas <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). These differences in life cycle can have profound effects on the ecology and competitiveness of a plant and are largely dependent on variation in meristem fate. Annual plants such as <i>Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)</i> Heyn undergo rapid, single-season growth, with the shoot apical (SAM) and axillary meristems (AMs) transitioning to reproductive growth. The plant then sets seeds and senesces, and all the meristems are consumed (Hensel <i>et al</i>., <span>1994</span>). By contrast, perennials, such as <i>Arabis alpina</i> L., live for several years, alternating between vegetative and reproductive phases. Some AMs remain vegetative, while others undergo floral transition, with vegetative branches entering dormancy to regenerate new growth (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>). The Brassicaceae family has emerged as a model to understand the genetics of diversification of life history, because sister annual and perennial species have evolved several times independently (Kiefer <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>; Zhai <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>).</p>\u0000<p>The variation in meristem fate that underlies differences in the plant life cycle in the Brassicaceae is conferred by floral repressors in the MADS domain family, particularly in clades related to FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Madrid <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Zhai <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). In <i>A. thaliana</i>, <i>FLC</i> confers a flowering response to winter cold (vernalization). Cold exposure silences <i>FLC</i> transcription, and this repression persists after returning to warm conditions through stable histone modifications at the <i>FLC</i> locus (Michaels & Amasino, <span>1999</span>; Sheldon <i>et al</i>., <span>1999</span>; Bastow <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Sung & Amasino, <span>2004</span>). The stable repression of <i>FLC</i> in the warm allows the SAM and all AMs to form flowers, leading to the production of seeds. In perennial <i>A. alpina</i>, the <i>FLC</i> orthologue <i>PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1</i> (<i>PEP1</i>) is repressed during vernalization allowing floral transition to occur in all meristems (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Lazaro <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>). However, on return to warm, transcription of <i>PEP1</i> is reactivated, maintaining meristems that have not undergone floral transition in the vegetative state (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>). In <i>A. alpina</i> and several other Brassicaceae species, mutation of the <i>FLC</i> orthologue causes continuous flowering in which all AMs flower independently of vernalization (R. Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Zhou <i>et al</i>., ","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Travis G. Britton, Ben Halliwell, Chris J. Blackman, Gabrielle E. Hartill, Emma E. Sumner, Vinod K. Jacob, Dean Nicolle, Rachael V. Gallagher, Laura Victoria Perez‐Martinez, Paul D. Rymer, Timothy J. Brodribb, Ian J. Wright
Summary Understanding the role of site climate in driving geographic trait variation and revealing the relative contributions of adaptation and plasticity are key goals in plant sciences. We tested mechanistic hypotheses for trait–climate relationships for mature eucalypt trees grown in common garden and in situ field conditions, quantifying joint and individual effects of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature (MAT) on eight functionally important traits. Trait–MAP relationships were particularly strong, with all but one trait consistently related to precipitation in both growth conditions. Trait–MAT relationships were notably weaker, but where relationships existed, most traits responded to low temperature in the same direction as to low rainfall, as predicted. Comparing cross‐species trait–climate relationships in situ with trait–climate‐of‐origin relationships in the common garden indicated substantial contributions from both adaptation and plasticity, with plasticity contributing more to variation in photosynthetic traits than in leaf structural or wood traits. Two key advances were: teasing apart the roles of site temperature and rainfall on trait variation, which are often confounded; and inferring the contributions of adaptation and plasticity to observed trait patterns. The relative importance of these processes may determine the timescales over which plant traits shift with climate change.
{"title":"Trait – climate relationships in 454 eucalypt taxa : common garden vs field ‐ derived trends","authors":"Travis G. Britton, Ben Halliwell, Chris J. Blackman, Gabrielle E. Hartill, Emma E. Sumner, Vinod K. Jacob, Dean Nicolle, Rachael V. Gallagher, Laura Victoria Perez‐Martinez, Paul D. Rymer, Timothy J. Brodribb, Ian J. Wright","doi":"10.1111/nph.70930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70930","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> Understanding the role of site climate in driving geographic trait variation and revealing the relative contributions of adaptation and plasticity are key goals in plant sciences. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We tested mechanistic hypotheses for trait–climate relationships for mature eucalypt trees grown in common garden and <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> field conditions, quantifying joint and individual effects of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature (MAT) on eight functionally important traits. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Trait–MAP relationships were particularly strong, with all but one trait consistently related to precipitation in both growth conditions. Trait–MAT relationships were notably weaker, but where relationships existed, most traits responded to low temperature in the same direction as to low rainfall, as predicted. Comparing cross‐species trait–climate relationships <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> with trait–climate‐of‐origin relationships in the common garden indicated substantial contributions from both adaptation and plasticity, with plasticity contributing more to variation in photosynthetic traits than in leaf structural or wood traits. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Two key advances were: teasing apart the roles of site temperature and rainfall on trait variation, which are often confounded; and inferring the contributions of adaptation and plasticity to observed trait patterns. The relative importance of these processes may determine the timescales over which plant traits shift with climate change. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accumulating evidence suggests that speciation often resembles a reticulate network rather than a bifurcating process. In ferns, which possess independent gametophyte and sporophyte phases, reticulate evolution is common, especially where sporophytes of congeneric species co-occur. However, the role of long-lived gametophytes that distribute beyond their sporophytic counterparts in facilitating reticulate evolution remains underexplored. To address this gap, we investigated two species complexes of Haplopteris, a genus within one of the five lineages known to have evolved long-lived gametophytes. We integrated evidence from morphology, chromosome numbers, genome sizes, plastid DNA, and nuclear DNA, sampling comprehensively both gametophyte and sporophyte phases. We identified ploidy levels and genomic formulas of sampled individuals and reconstructed their reticulate evolutionary histories. Our results confirmed the reticulate evolution of Haplopteris for the first time and demonstrated that independent gametophyte populations, despite not producing their own sporophytes, play a critical role by contributing sperm to form hybrids. This study offers new insights into fern reproductive biology and gametophyte biogeography by reporting the first documented case of fern reticulate evolution involving both gametophyte and sporophyte samples, and the second known instance of hybridization involving independent gametophytes. Furthermore, a tetraploid species with a hybrid-origin is newly described.
{"title":"Life phases integration uncovers long-lived gametophytes mediated reticulate evolution in Haplopteris (Pteridaceae).","authors":"Cheng-Wei Chen,Katsuhiro Yoneoka,Kiyotaka Hori,Tao Fujiwara,Truong Van Do,Noriaki Murakami,Yao-Moan Huang,Ko-Hsuan Chen,Atsushi Ebihara,Kuo-Fang Chung","doi":"10.1111/nph.70953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70953","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulating evidence suggests that speciation often resembles a reticulate network rather than a bifurcating process. In ferns, which possess independent gametophyte and sporophyte phases, reticulate evolution is common, especially where sporophytes of congeneric species co-occur. However, the role of long-lived gametophytes that distribute beyond their sporophytic counterparts in facilitating reticulate evolution remains underexplored. To address this gap, we investigated two species complexes of Haplopteris, a genus within one of the five lineages known to have evolved long-lived gametophytes. We integrated evidence from morphology, chromosome numbers, genome sizes, plastid DNA, and nuclear DNA, sampling comprehensively both gametophyte and sporophyte phases. We identified ploidy levels and genomic formulas of sampled individuals and reconstructed their reticulate evolutionary histories. Our results confirmed the reticulate evolution of Haplopteris for the first time and demonstrated that independent gametophyte populations, despite not producing their own sporophytes, play a critical role by contributing sperm to form hybrids. This study offers new insights into fern reproductive biology and gametophyte biogeography by reporting the first documented case of fern reticulate evolution involving both gametophyte and sporophyte samples, and the second known instance of hybridization involving independent gametophytes. Furthermore, a tetraploid species with a hybrid-origin is newly described.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the relationship between temperature and genome size (GS) is crucial for predicting plant performance under global warming. Smaller-GS species are hypothesized to be favored in warmer climates, while larger-GS species may thrive in cooler environments. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data from temperate grasslands spanning four decades (1982-2021), examining species composition, phenology, and productivity in response to rising temperatures. With rising temperatures, larger-GS species exhibited earlier phenological events but slower growth rates, leading to a decline in biomass production. By contrast, smaller-GS species, though initiating growth later, demonstrated accelerated growth rates, resulting in increased biomass. This dynamic has driven a shift in community structure, with smaller-GS species becoming increasingly dominant. Phylogenetically informed models revealed a negative interaction between GS and temperature on species' biomass, underscoring the constraint of larger genomes under warming conditions. This is reflected in a community-wide reduction in GS over time, despite relatively stable overall productivity. Our research highlights the pivotal role of GS in mediating plant community responses to climate warming, offering insight into the distinct growth strategies employed by species with different GS. Our findings underscore the importance of considering GS in predicting plant community dynamics in response to ongoing global climate change.
{"title":"Warming-induced miniaturization of plant community genome size in temperate grasslands over the last four decades.","authors":"Huanlong Li,Juanjuan Li,Fangyuan Zhao,Josep Peñuelas,Jordi Sardans,Dong Cao,Qingmin Pan,Tingting Ren,Quansheng Chen,Yang Peng,Jiao Su,Zong-Xin Ren,Hong Wang,Maïté S Guignard,Ilia J Leitch,Andrew R Leitch,Haiyang Zhang,Youjun Chen,Jiahui Zhang,Yi Zhou,Xingguo Han,Cunzheng Wei","doi":"10.1111/nph.70948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70948","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the relationship between temperature and genome size (GS) is crucial for predicting plant performance under global warming. Smaller-GS species are hypothesized to be favored in warmer climates, while larger-GS species may thrive in cooler environments. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data from temperate grasslands spanning four decades (1982-2021), examining species composition, phenology, and productivity in response to rising temperatures. With rising temperatures, larger-GS species exhibited earlier phenological events but slower growth rates, leading to a decline in biomass production. By contrast, smaller-GS species, though initiating growth later, demonstrated accelerated growth rates, resulting in increased biomass. This dynamic has driven a shift in community structure, with smaller-GS species becoming increasingly dominant. Phylogenetically informed models revealed a negative interaction between GS and temperature on species' biomass, underscoring the constraint of larger genomes under warming conditions. This is reflected in a community-wide reduction in GS over time, despite relatively stable overall productivity. Our research highlights the pivotal role of GS in mediating plant community responses to climate warming, offering insight into the distinct growth strategies employed by species with different GS. Our findings underscore the importance of considering GS in predicting plant community dynamics in response to ongoing global climate change.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) have excellent potential for fundamental and applied research due to ease of cultivation, small size, and continuous fast clonal growth. However, their usage as model organisms and platforms for biotechnological applications is often limited by the lack of universal genetic manipulation methods necessary for transgene expression, gene editing, and other methods to modify gene expression. To identify suitable strains for genetic manipulation of the giant duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza, we screened several genotypes for callus induction and regeneration and established genetic transformation. We identified SP162 to be amenable to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation via tissue culture. The procedure is robust and reproducible across laboratories, allowing stable expression of different reporter genes and selectable markers, enabling CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. In addition, due to a weak small RNA-based silencing response, S. polyrhiza sustains prolonged periods of transgene activity in transient expression assays. To promote duckweed research and encourage the adoption of S. polyrhiza, we have made SP162 (ID#: 5676) and its genome publicly available and provide here detailed procedures for its cultivation and transformation. Furthermore, we created a web server to explore its genome, retrieve gene sequences, and implement orthologous gene search and a gRNA design function for diverse CRISPR/Cas-based applications (https://agxu.uni-mainz.de/SP162/).
{"title":"Strain, procedures, and tools for reproducible genetic transformation and genome editing of the emerging plant model Spirodela polyrhiza.","authors":"Verónica Barragán-Borrero,Amanda de Santana Lopes,Enrico Diniz Rodrigues Batista,Martin Höfer,Rana Elias,Abhisek Chakraborty,Arturo Ponce-Mañe,Clotilde Descombes,Laura Diezma-Navas,Lydia Petraki,Meret Huber,Shuqing Xu,Arturo Marí-Ordóñez","doi":"10.1111/nph.70919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70919","url":null,"abstract":"Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) have excellent potential for fundamental and applied research due to ease of cultivation, small size, and continuous fast clonal growth. However, their usage as model organisms and platforms for biotechnological applications is often limited by the lack of universal genetic manipulation methods necessary for transgene expression, gene editing, and other methods to modify gene expression. To identify suitable strains for genetic manipulation of the giant duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza, we screened several genotypes for callus induction and regeneration and established genetic transformation. We identified SP162 to be amenable to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation via tissue culture. The procedure is robust and reproducible across laboratories, allowing stable expression of different reporter genes and selectable markers, enabling CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. In addition, due to a weak small RNA-based silencing response, S. polyrhiza sustains prolonged periods of transgene activity in transient expression assays. To promote duckweed research and encourage the adoption of S. polyrhiza, we have made SP162 (ID#: 5676) and its genome publicly available and provide here detailed procedures for its cultivation and transformation. Furthermore, we created a web server to explore its genome, retrieve gene sequences, and implement orthologous gene search and a gRNA design function for diverse CRISPR/Cas-based applications (https://agxu.uni-mainz.de/SP162/).","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In plants, hypoxia sensing is controlled by the stabilization of group VII ethylene response factors (ERF-VIIs), which are post-translationally activated by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK3 and MPK6. However, how plants fine-tune the MPK3/MPK6-mediated phosphorylation of ERF-VIIs to maintain cellular homeostasis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana TDY-type MAPK MPK9 is rapidly activated under hypoxia and submergence conditions. MPK9 knockout mutants show enhanced tolerance to hypoxia, whereas transgenic lines overexpressing MPK9 display decreased tolerance to hypoxia. MPK9 interacts with and phosphorylates ERF-VII RELATED TO APETALA2.12 (RAP2.12) at its Thr-86, Ser-87, Thr-88, Ser-210, Thr-280, and Thr-313 residues, which suppresses RAP2.12 accumulation in response to hypoxia. Consistent with this finding, overexpressing MPK9 significantly attenuated the hypoxia-tolerant phenotypes of RAP2.12 overexpressors. Compared with the hypoxia-triggered nucleus-localized MPK6-GFP, MPK9-GFP constitutively localized to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic MPK9 likely functions in hypoxia signaling by phosphorylating RAP2.12 to fine-tune its stability during hypoxia stress. Taken together with the finding that the MPK3/MPK6-ERF-VII module activates hypoxia signaling, our observations demonstrate that MPK9 provides a braking mechanism that tempers hypoxia responses, which may play a central role in protecting plants from hypoxic stress.
{"title":"MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE9 fine-tunes hypoxia signaling by phosphorylating ERF-VII transcription factors in Arabidopsis.","authors":"De-Mian Zhou,Ying Zhou,Xu-Chen Wu,Qing-Ying Ke,Tian-Yi Zhang,Zi-Yuan Yin,Li-Li Shi,Ke Liao,Shi Xiao,Qin-Fang Chen","doi":"10.1111/nph.70964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70964","url":null,"abstract":"In plants, hypoxia sensing is controlled by the stabilization of group VII ethylene response factors (ERF-VIIs), which are post-translationally activated by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK3 and MPK6. However, how plants fine-tune the MPK3/MPK6-mediated phosphorylation of ERF-VIIs to maintain cellular homeostasis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana TDY-type MAPK MPK9 is rapidly activated under hypoxia and submergence conditions. MPK9 knockout mutants show enhanced tolerance to hypoxia, whereas transgenic lines overexpressing MPK9 display decreased tolerance to hypoxia. MPK9 interacts with and phosphorylates ERF-VII RELATED TO APETALA2.12 (RAP2.12) at its Thr-86, Ser-87, Thr-88, Ser-210, Thr-280, and Thr-313 residues, which suppresses RAP2.12 accumulation in response to hypoxia. Consistent with this finding, overexpressing MPK9 significantly attenuated the hypoxia-tolerant phenotypes of RAP2.12 overexpressors. Compared with the hypoxia-triggered nucleus-localized MPK6-GFP, MPK9-GFP constitutively localized to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic MPK9 likely functions in hypoxia signaling by phosphorylating RAP2.12 to fine-tune its stability during hypoxia stress. Taken together with the finding that the MPK3/MPK6-ERF-VII module activates hypoxia signaling, our observations demonstrate that MPK9 provides a braking mechanism that tempers hypoxia responses, which may play a central role in protecting plants from hypoxic stress.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) buffer plants against carbon imbalances, yet their partitioning between storage and soluble pools remains elusive at global scales. We compiled a dataset of starch to soluble sugar ratio (St : Su) for 308 woody species across 220 sites world-wide and introduce a dimensionless index that integrates storage and demand while minimizing methodological artifacts. St : Su was strongly associated with growth, identifying it as a key axis of carbon allocation. Foliage consistently exhibited lower St : Su than lignified organs, reflecting a division between transient and conservative pools. Conifers accumulated more starch in foliage but less in stems relative to angiosperms, while leaf habits and mycorrhizal associations further modulated organ-specific strategies. Contrary to expectation, foliar and root St : Su varied little among biomes, but stems exhibited higher ratios in tropical rainforests than in boreal or arid regions, reflecting differences in species composition and adaptive storage under disturbance. Phylogeny constrained stem storage, whereas climatic variability, rather than mean conditions, dominated allocation in leaves and roots. These findings establish St : Su as a robust functional trait linking allocation strategies, growth, and resilience, which can be used to improve vegetation model prediction of forest productivity and mortality under climate variability.
{"title":"Evolutionary constraints and climate variability jointly shape starch-sugar balance in woody plants.","authors":"Weibin Li,Nate G McDowell","doi":"10.1111/nph.70932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70932","url":null,"abstract":"Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) buffer plants against carbon imbalances, yet their partitioning between storage and soluble pools remains elusive at global scales. We compiled a dataset of starch to soluble sugar ratio (St : Su) for 308 woody species across 220 sites world-wide and introduce a dimensionless index that integrates storage and demand while minimizing methodological artifacts. St : Su was strongly associated with growth, identifying it as a key axis of carbon allocation. Foliage consistently exhibited lower St : Su than lignified organs, reflecting a division between transient and conservative pools. Conifers accumulated more starch in foliage but less in stems relative to angiosperms, while leaf habits and mycorrhizal associations further modulated organ-specific strategies. Contrary to expectation, foliar and root St : Su varied little among biomes, but stems exhibited higher ratios in tropical rainforests than in boreal or arid regions, reflecting differences in species composition and adaptive storage under disturbance. Phylogeny constrained stem storage, whereas climatic variability, rather than mean conditions, dominated allocation in leaves and roots. These findings establish St : Su as a robust functional trait linking allocation strategies, growth, and resilience, which can be used to improve vegetation model prediction of forest productivity and mortality under climate variability.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R2R3 MYB transcription factors, such as MYB16 and MYB106 (MYB16/106) in Arabidopsis thaliana, are recognized for their role in conical cell specification. However, the mechanism by which MYB16/106 orchestrate the morphogenesis of conical cells remains poorly understood. Here, we combined genetic analysis, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and live-cell imaging to clarify the MYB16/106-mediated conical cell development in Arabidopsis. Genetic characterization revealed that the myb16 myb106 double mutant exhibited flattened adaxial petal epidermal cells, having lost the wild-type conical shape, and displayed significantly disrupted cuticle nanoridge formation. Transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) analyses identified the direct transcriptional targets of MYB16/106, which include CYP86A7, CUS2, RXF26, and ABCB13. These genes encode pivotal regulators of cuticular wax and cutin biosynthesis, as well as lipid transport. Metabolomic profiling further validated that MYB16/106 coordinately modulate metabolic pathways associated with cuticle formation, consistent with their transcriptional regulation of cuticle-related targets. Furthermore, the myb16 and myb106 mutants exhibited physiological and cytoskeletal alterations, including an elevated apoplastic pH and disrupted cortical microtubule (CMT) organization. Collectively, our findings establish a hierarchical regulatory framework in which MYB16/106 act as central coordinators, integrating three cellular processes - cuticle biosynthesis, apoplastic pH balance, and CMT organization - to regulate conical cell morphogenesis.
{"title":"MYB16 and MYB106 promote conical cell morphogenesis by modulating cuticle production, apoplastic pH, and microtubule organization.","authors":"Lilan Zhu,Mengting Deng,Xian He,Jia Sun,Yilan Xiao,Ziying Kuang,Kexin Qiu,Binqing Chen,Huibo Ren,Haifeng Wang,Xie Dang,Deshu Lin","doi":"10.1111/nph.70972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70972","url":null,"abstract":"R2R3 MYB transcription factors, such as MYB16 and MYB106 (MYB16/106) in Arabidopsis thaliana, are recognized for their role in conical cell specification. However, the mechanism by which MYB16/106 orchestrate the morphogenesis of conical cells remains poorly understood. Here, we combined genetic analysis, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and live-cell imaging to clarify the MYB16/106-mediated conical cell development in Arabidopsis. Genetic characterization revealed that the myb16 myb106 double mutant exhibited flattened adaxial petal epidermal cells, having lost the wild-type conical shape, and displayed significantly disrupted cuticle nanoridge formation. Transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) analyses identified the direct transcriptional targets of MYB16/106, which include CYP86A7, CUS2, RXF26, and ABCB13. These genes encode pivotal regulators of cuticular wax and cutin biosynthesis, as well as lipid transport. Metabolomic profiling further validated that MYB16/106 coordinately modulate metabolic pathways associated with cuticle formation, consistent with their transcriptional regulation of cuticle-related targets. Furthermore, the myb16 and myb106 mutants exhibited physiological and cytoskeletal alterations, including an elevated apoplastic pH and disrupted cortical microtubule (CMT) organization. Collectively, our findings establish a hierarchical regulatory framework in which MYB16/106 act as central coordinators, integrating three cellular processes - cuticle biosynthesis, apoplastic pH balance, and CMT organization - to regulate conical cell morphogenesis.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Ren,Yuanyuan Xu,Moyang Liu,Lipeng Zhang,Yue Song,Junpeng Li,Jingjing Liu,Dongying Fan,Zhen Zhang,Juan He,Jiuyun Wu,Qian Zha,Zhen Gao,Zheng'an Yang,Chao Ma
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded, covalently closed RNA molecules that arise from exon back-splicing. The identification and function investigation of circRNAs have been comprehensively explored in plants, however, the regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. This study employed genetic transformation, circRNA pull-down assay, ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation (RIP), and the circRNA trimolecular fluorescence complementation (cTriFC) system to investigate the function and regulatory mechanisms of a circRNA Vv-circCOR27 in grapevine. Vv-circCOR27 expression was suppressed under heat stress and was markedly lower in thermotolerant cultivars. In addition, overexpression of Vv-circCOR27, using an expression cassette with endogenous introns inserted into circRNA-producing exons to minimize the background level of cognate linear RNA, was shown to exacerbate thermotolerance in grapevine embryogenic calli and seedlings. Biochemical assays demonstrate that Vv-circCOR27 binds directly to heat shock protein 90.2b (VvHSP90.2b). Further evidence indicated that Vv-circCOR27 inhibits the interaction between VvHsfA7a and VvHSP90.2b in vivo, which resulted in the downregulation of small heat shock protein (sHSP) genes under heat stress in Vv-circCOR27 overexpression calli. Collectively, this finding suggests a model in which thermotolerance is fine-tuned by Vv-circCOR27 via competitively binding to VvHSP90.2b, thereby attenuating its interaction with VvHsfA7a and subsequent transactivation. This work advances understanding of circRNA regulatory mechanisms in plants.
{"title":"Circular RNA Vv-circCOR27 modulates thermotolerance through attenuating VvHSP90.2b-VvHsfA7a interaction in grapevine.","authors":"Yi Ren,Yuanyuan Xu,Moyang Liu,Lipeng Zhang,Yue Song,Junpeng Li,Jingjing Liu,Dongying Fan,Zhen Zhang,Juan He,Jiuyun Wu,Qian Zha,Zhen Gao,Zheng'an Yang,Chao Ma","doi":"10.1111/nph.70962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70962","url":null,"abstract":"Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded, covalently closed RNA molecules that arise from exon back-splicing. The identification and function investigation of circRNAs have been comprehensively explored in plants, however, the regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. This study employed genetic transformation, circRNA pull-down assay, ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation (RIP), and the circRNA trimolecular fluorescence complementation (cTriFC) system to investigate the function and regulatory mechanisms of a circRNA Vv-circCOR27 in grapevine. Vv-circCOR27 expression was suppressed under heat stress and was markedly lower in thermotolerant cultivars. In addition, overexpression of Vv-circCOR27, using an expression cassette with endogenous introns inserted into circRNA-producing exons to minimize the background level of cognate linear RNA, was shown to exacerbate thermotolerance in grapevine embryogenic calli and seedlings. Biochemical assays demonstrate that Vv-circCOR27 binds directly to heat shock protein 90.2b (VvHSP90.2b). Further evidence indicated that Vv-circCOR27 inhibits the interaction between VvHsfA7a and VvHSP90.2b in vivo, which resulted in the downregulation of small heat shock protein (sHSP) genes under heat stress in Vv-circCOR27 overexpression calli. Collectively, this finding suggests a model in which thermotolerance is fine-tuned by Vv-circCOR27 via competitively binding to VvHSP90.2b, thereby attenuating its interaction with VvHsfA7a and subsequent transactivation. This work advances understanding of circRNA regulatory mechanisms in plants.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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