Matteo Grenzi, Bianca Maria Orlando Marchesano, Ambra Selene Parmagnani, Stefano Buratti, Nicolò Ricci, Laura Luoni, Manuel Nieves‐Cordones, Maria Cristina Bonza, Simon Stael, Alex Costa
Summary We investigated the origin and properties of spontaneous cytosolic Ca 2+ oscillations in Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum guard cells. Although these oscillations have been described since the 1990s, their underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. Using genetically encoded Ca 2+ indicators (GECIs), we aimed to clarify how intracellular and extracellular Ca 2+ sources contribute to these dynamics. We compared GECIs with distinct biochemical properties to assess their suitability for detecting spontaneous Ca 2+ transients, testing cytosolic‐ (YC3.6, R‐GECO1, GCaMP3) and ER‐localised reporters (ER‐GCaMP6‐210). We monitored Ca 2+ dynamics in vivo under different illumination conditions and manipulated apoplastic Ca 2+ and ER Ca 2+ availability. YC3.6, R‐GECO1 and GCaMP3 reliably reported spontaneous cytosolic Ca 2+ oscillations. We further observed spontaneous Ca 2+ transients in the ER lumen. The blue excitation light required for ER‐GCaMP6‐210 induced ER Ca 2+ depletion, whereas darkness, green or red light enabled ER Ca 2+ refilling, which depended on apoplastic Ca 2+ . Our findings suggest that in guard cells, cytosolic Ca 2+ transients are primarily driven by apoplastic Ca 2+ influx, but their persistence requires proper ER Ca 2+ homeostasis. This highlights a key interplay between extracellular and intracellular Ca 2+ pools in generating and maintaining cytosolic Ca 2+ oscillations in guard cells and establishes a framework for further mechanistic dissection.
{"title":"Investigating the origin of spontaneous cytosolic calcium oscillations in stomatal guard cells: a dialogue between apoplastic and endoplasmic reticulum stores","authors":"Matteo Grenzi, Bianca Maria Orlando Marchesano, Ambra Selene Parmagnani, Stefano Buratti, Nicolò Ricci, Laura Luoni, Manuel Nieves‐Cordones, Maria Cristina Bonza, Simon Stael, Alex Costa","doi":"10.1111/nph.70817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70817","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> We investigated the origin and properties of spontaneous cytosolic Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> oscillations in <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Solanum lycopersicum</jats:italic> guard cells. Although these oscillations have been described since the 1990s, their underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Using genetically encoded Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> indicators (GECIs), we aimed to clarify how intracellular and extracellular Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> sources contribute to these dynamics. We compared GECIs with distinct biochemical properties to assess their suitability for detecting spontaneous Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> transients, testing cytosolic‐ (YC3.6, R‐GECO1, GCaMP3) and ER‐localised reporters (ER‐GCaMP6‐210). We monitored Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> dynamics <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> under different illumination conditions and manipulated apoplastic Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> and ER Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> availability. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> YC3.6, R‐GECO1 and GCaMP3 reliably reported spontaneous cytosolic Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> oscillations. We further observed spontaneous Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> transients in the ER lumen. The blue excitation light required for ER‐GCaMP6‐210 induced ER Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> depletion, whereas darkness, green or red light enabled ER Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> refilling, which depended on apoplastic Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> . </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Our findings suggest that in guard cells, cytosolic Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> transients are primarily driven by apoplastic Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> influx, but their persistence requires proper ER Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> homeostasis. This highlights a key interplay between extracellular and intracellular Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> pools in generating and maintaining cytosolic Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> oscillations in guard cells and establishes a framework for further mechanistic dissection. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can modulate arsenic (As) bioavailability through hyphal interactions with microbes. However, whether AMF hyphae assemble a core hyphosphere microbiome adapted to As stress and how this shapes in situ As transformation are still unknown. We conducted field experiments across agricultural soils with an As gradient (21–172 mg kg −1 ), using in situ mesh devices to collect hyphosphere and nonhyphosphere soils during a 98‐d wheat growth period. We integrated 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing, PICRUSt2‐based functional prediction, co‐inertia and co‐occurrence analyses, and sequential As extraction to investigate the hyphosphere microbiome's structure, functional potential, and AMF–microbe interactions. AMF hyphae significantly increased microbial diversity and niche breadth in the hyphosphere and reshaped community composition. Co‐inertia and network analyses showed stronger associations under high As stress. We identified 100 ASVs as a core hyphosphere microbiome – dominated by Proteobacteria , Bacteroidetes , and Verrucomicrobia – rich in arsC , arsH , and arsB / ACR3 genes. Network modules formed by these taxa correlated positively with bioavailable As, suggesting adaptive potential under stress. This study provides the first field‐based evidence that AMF hyphae selectively recruit a core microbiome with potential As‐transforming functions, offering microbial targets for AMF‐assisted remediation of As‐contaminated soils.
丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）可以通过菌丝与微生物的相互作用调节砷的生物利用度。然而，AMF菌丝是否组装一个适应砷胁迫的核心菌丝微生物组以及这种微生物组如何形成原位砷转化仍然未知。在98天的小麦生育期，我们对具有As梯度（21-172 mg kg - 1）的农业土壤进行了实地试验，使用原位网状装置收集了土壤和非土壤。我们整合了16S rRNA和ITS基因测序，基于PICRUSt2的功能预测，共惯性和共发生分析，以及序列As提取来研究微球微生物组的结构，功能潜力和amf -微生物相互作用。AMF菌丝显著增加菌丝圈微生物多样性和生态位宽度，重塑菌丝圈群落组成。Co -惯性和网络分析表明，在高砷胁迫下，这种关联更强。我们鉴定出100种asv为核心的菌丝微生物群，由变形菌门、拟杆菌门和Verrucomicrobia主导，富含arsC、arsH和arsB / ACR3基因。这些类群形成的网络模块与生物可利用性As呈正相关，表明它们在逆境下具有适应潜力。这项研究提供了第一个基于现场的证据，证明AMF菌丝选择性地招募具有潜在砷转化功能的核心微生物群，为AMF辅助修复砷污染的土壤提供了微生物靶点。
{"title":"Synergistic response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and hyphosphere microbiome to arsenic contamination in agricultural soils","authors":"Chuning Ji, Tianyu Wu, Yu Tian, Jinglong Li, Jihong Dong, Shuping Xing, Hanwen Chen, Danyu Yang, Shenyang Ouyang, Junmeng Li, Yanli Huang, Zhipeng Hao, Xin Zhang, Baodong Chen, Yongguan Zhu","doi":"10.1111/nph.70782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70782","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can modulate arsenic (As) bioavailability through hyphal interactions with microbes. However, whether AMF hyphae assemble a core hyphosphere microbiome adapted to As stress and how this shapes <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> As transformation are still unknown. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We conducted field experiments across agricultural soils with an As gradient (21–172 mg kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ), using <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> mesh devices to collect hyphosphere and nonhyphosphere soils during a 98‐d wheat growth period. We integrated 16S rRNA and ITS gene sequencing, PICRUSt2‐based functional prediction, co‐inertia and co‐occurrence analyses, and sequential As extraction to investigate the hyphosphere microbiome's structure, functional potential, and AMF–microbe interactions. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> AMF hyphae significantly increased microbial diversity and niche breadth in the hyphosphere and reshaped community composition. Co‐inertia and network analyses showed stronger associations under high As stress. We identified 100 ASVs as a core hyphosphere microbiome – dominated by <jats:italic>Proteobacteria</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes</jats:italic> , and <jats:italic>Verrucomicrobia</jats:italic> – rich in <jats:italic>arsC</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>arsH</jats:italic> , and <jats:italic>arsB</jats:italic> / <jats:italic>ACR3</jats:italic> genes. Network modules formed by these taxa correlated positively with bioavailable As, suggesting adaptive potential under stress. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> This study provides the first field‐based evidence that AMF hyphae selectively recruit a core microbiome with potential As‐transforming functions, offering microbial targets for AMF‐assisted remediation of As‐contaminated soils. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lara Esch, Qi Yang Ngai, Sergio G. Lopez, J. Elaine Barclay, Inmaculada Hernández‐Pinzón, Matthew J. Moscou, David Seung
Summary The morphology of starch granules is a major determinant of the functional and nutritional properties of starch and is highly variable among cereal species. Much of this morphological variation stems from differences in the spatial and temporal patterns of starch granule initiation in amyloplasts during grain development. Simple granules are thought to arise from a single initiation per amyloplast (e.g. in Brachypodium distachyon ), whereas compound granules develop from multiple initiations per amyloplast (e.g. in rice). We used live‐cell imaging to visualise amyloplasts in the developing endosperm of Brachypodium , using transgenic lines expressing a fluorescent amyloplast reporter. We discovered that the simple‐type starch granules in Brachypodium can arise from multiple initiations per amyloplast. The amyloplasts showed dynamic changes in their structure and formed two types of stromules: stable stromules that formed a stromal continuum between amyloplasts, and short‐lived stromules that were more dynamic. We also observed actin‐dependent movement of amyloplasts within endosperm cells, and movement of starch granules within the amyloplasts. Our results suggest complex and pleiomorphic amyloplast organisation and mobility that could influence granule formation. This goes beyond the existing ‘one granule, one amyloplast’ model for simple‐type granules and advances our understanding of both amyloplast biogenesis and granule formation.
{"title":"Starch synthesis in Brachypodium distachyon endosperm occurs in dynamic, connected amyloplast compartments","authors":"Lara Esch, Qi Yang Ngai, Sergio G. Lopez, J. Elaine Barclay, Inmaculada Hernández‐Pinzón, Matthew J. Moscou, David Seung","doi":"10.1111/nph.70803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70803","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> The morphology of starch granules is a major determinant of the functional and nutritional properties of starch and is highly variable among cereal species. Much of this morphological variation stems from differences in the spatial and temporal patterns of starch granule initiation in amyloplasts during grain development. Simple granules are thought to arise from a single initiation per amyloplast (e.g. in <jats:italic>Brachypodium distachyon</jats:italic> ), whereas compound granules develop from multiple initiations per amyloplast (e.g. in rice). </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We used live‐cell imaging to visualise amyloplasts in the developing endosperm of <jats:italic>Brachypodium</jats:italic> , using transgenic lines expressing a fluorescent amyloplast reporter. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We discovered that the simple‐type starch granules in <jats:italic>Brachypodium</jats:italic> can arise from multiple initiations per amyloplast. The amyloplasts showed dynamic changes in their structure and formed two types of stromules: stable stromules that formed a stromal continuum between amyloplasts, and short‐lived stromules that were more dynamic. We also observed actin‐dependent movement of amyloplasts within endosperm cells, and movement of starch granules within the amyloplasts. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Our results suggest complex and pleiomorphic amyloplast organisation and mobility that could influence granule formation. This goes beyond the existing ‘one granule, one amyloplast’ model for simple‐type granules and advances our understanding of both amyloplast biogenesis and granule formation. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junkai Zhu, Weizhong Chen, Shuangqing Li, Andrew E. Allen, Xinde Xu, Xiaoping Wang, Haibo Jiang, Yangmin Gong
Summary In the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum there are limited selectable markers available for genetic manipulation, which has hampered the biotechnological application of metabolic engineering in this algal species. Here, we developed a bacteriophage P1‐derived Cre/ loxP recombination system in P. tricornutum , enabling the excision and recycling of the selectable marker. The Sh ble cassette conferring Zeocin resistance, flanked by the loxP sites in the same orientation, could be excised upon expression of the Cre recombinase under the control of the promoter of the nitrate reductase gene, or was encoded on an episome replication vector delivered by bacterial conjugation. An intron was included in the Cre recombinase ORF to prevent self‐excision in Escherichia coli . Combining this Cre/ loxP system with a multigene assembly method enabled iterative pathway engineering of P. tricornutum to enhance eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) biosynthesis. The average level of EPA in total fatty acids increased from 25% in wild‐type to 31% in the sextuple transgenic lines. Further photoautotrophic cultivations demonstrated the maximal EPA productivity of 3 mg l −1 d −1 . The Cre/ loxP system will be a highly efficient tool to obtain marker‐free transgenic algal strains, and should be applicable to engineering of diatoms with complex metabolic pathways to produce valuable metabolites.
{"title":"Iterative pathway engineering of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to enhance the biosynthesis of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids using the Cre recombinase‐mediated marker recycling","authors":"Junkai Zhu, Weizhong Chen, Shuangqing Li, Andrew E. Allen, Xinde Xu, Xiaoping Wang, Haibo Jiang, Yangmin Gong","doi":"10.1111/nph.70829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70829","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> In the diatom <jats:italic>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</jats:italic> there are limited selectable markers available for genetic manipulation, which has hampered the biotechnological application of metabolic engineering in this algal species. Here, we developed a bacteriophage P1‐derived Cre/ <jats:italic>loxP</jats:italic> recombination system in <jats:italic>P. tricornutum</jats:italic> , enabling the excision and recycling of the selectable marker. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> The <jats:italic>Sh ble</jats:italic> cassette conferring Zeocin resistance, flanked by the <jats:italic>loxP</jats:italic> sites in the same orientation, could be excised upon expression of the Cre recombinase under the control of the promoter of the nitrate reductase gene, or was encoded on an episome replication vector delivered by bacterial conjugation. An intron was included in the Cre recombinase ORF to prevent self‐excision in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli</jats:italic> . </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Combining this Cre/ <jats:italic>loxP</jats:italic> system with a multigene assembly method enabled iterative pathway engineering of <jats:italic>P. tricornutum</jats:italic> to enhance eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) biosynthesis. The average level of EPA in total fatty acids increased from 25% in wild‐type to 31% in the sextuple transgenic lines. Further photoautotrophic cultivations demonstrated the maximal EPA productivity of 3 mg l <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> d <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> . </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> The Cre/ <jats:italic>loxP</jats:italic> system will be a highly efficient tool to obtain marker‐free transgenic algal strains, and should be applicable to engineering of diatoms with complex metabolic pathways to produce valuable metabolites. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathanael Y. H. Tan, Jodie V. Armand, Julie E. Gray, Andrew J. Fleming
Summary The biomechanics of stomatal movements have fascinated scientists for almost 150 yr, yet we still lack a conclusive and coherent mechanistic understanding of the process. In this review, we present a framework that allows critical insight into the state of knowledge of stomatal biomechanics, with a focus on modelling approaches. We apply the framework in two ways. First, contextualising the history, we show how the nature and function of models of stomatal mechanics have evolved. Second, we use the framework to appraise three key features of extant models: cell wall mechanical properties, guard cell shape, and the role of surrounding epidermal cells. We evaluate the empirical origin and model representations of these features, summarising how each is currently thought to explain stomatal function, while also identifying limitations in our understanding. We propose that a better appreciation of gaps in knowledge in the empirical domain, particularly the actual shifts in cell shape during stomatal response, combined with careful reinterpretation of existing data, will lead to new insight and a more complete understanding of stomatal mechanics.
{"title":"Modelling stomatal mechanics: a critical review","authors":"Nathanael Y. H. Tan, Jodie V. Armand, Julie E. Gray, Andrew J. Fleming","doi":"10.1111/nph.70826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70826","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The biomechanics of stomatal movements have fascinated scientists for almost 150 yr, yet we still lack a conclusive and coherent mechanistic understanding of the process. In this review, we present a framework that allows critical insight into the state of knowledge of stomatal biomechanics, with a focus on modelling approaches. We apply the framework in two ways. First, contextualising the history, we show how the nature and function of models of stomatal mechanics have evolved. Second, we use the framework to appraise three key features of extant models: cell wall mechanical properties, guard cell shape, and the role of surrounding epidermal cells. We evaluate the empirical origin and model representations of these features, summarising how each is currently thought to explain stomatal function, while also identifying limitations in our understanding. We propose that a better appreciation of gaps in knowledge in the empirical domain, particularly the actual shifts in cell shape during stomatal response, combined with careful reinterpretation of existing data, will lead to new insight and a more complete understanding of stomatal mechanics.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali O. Alqarni, John M. U. Hamilton, Adrian P. Brown, Stephen Chivasa
Summary Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin that disrupts ceramide biosynthesis and kills plants. Prior activation with bacterial microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), such as components of bacterial flagella, effectively suppresses FB1‐induced cell death. The molecular basis of this defence against mycotoxin toxicity is poorly understood. Analysis of extracellular peptide receptors provided initial circumstantial evidence linking phytosulfokine (PSK) signalling with Arabidopsis thaliana responses to FB1. We used synthetic PSK peptides and quantitative proteomics to investigate this link and established the basis for peptide‐induced Arabidopsis immunity to FB1. Exogenous PSK fully protected Arabidopsis plants from FB1 toxicity in wild‐type plants, but not in loss‐of‐function mutants lacking PSK RECEPTOR 1 (PSKR1) or its co‐receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1‐ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1). Mutants lacking the precursor PSK‐processing subtilase (SBT3.8) enzyme were more sensitive to FB1. The partial flagellin peptide flg22, which activates innate immunity to block FB1 toxicity in wild‐type plants, failed to rescue pskr1 mutants, indicating that PSK signalling functions downstream of flg22. Proteomic analysis revealed Calvin cycle downregulation by FB1, while co‐application of the toxin with PSK increased Calvin cycle capacity. Our study reveals that the mechanism of disabling mycotoxin toxicity by MAMPs is activation of PSK signalling and stimulation of the photosynthetic machinery.
{"title":"Phytosulfokine signalling blocks mycotoxin toxicity in Arabidopsis and mediates suppression of cell death activated by bacterial microbe‐associated molecular patterns","authors":"Ali O. Alqarni, John M. U. Hamilton, Adrian P. Brown, Stephen Chivasa","doi":"10.1111/nph.70811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70811","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin that disrupts ceramide biosynthesis and kills plants. Prior activation with bacterial microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), such as components of bacterial flagella, effectively suppresses FB1‐induced cell death. The molecular basis of this defence against mycotoxin toxicity is poorly understood. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Analysis of extracellular peptide receptors provided initial circumstantial evidence linking phytosulfokine (PSK) signalling with <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic> responses to FB1. We used synthetic PSK peptides and quantitative proteomics to investigate this link and established the basis for peptide‐induced Arabidopsis immunity to FB1. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Exogenous PSK fully protected Arabidopsis plants from FB1 toxicity in wild‐type plants, but not in loss‐of‐function mutants lacking PSK RECEPTOR 1 (PSKR1) or its co‐receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1‐ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1). Mutants lacking the precursor PSK‐processing subtilase (SBT3.8) enzyme were more sensitive to FB1. The partial flagellin peptide flg22, which activates innate immunity to block FB1 toxicity in wild‐type plants, failed to rescue <jats:italic>pskr1</jats:italic> mutants, indicating that PSK signalling functions downstream of flg22. Proteomic analysis revealed Calvin cycle downregulation by FB1, while co‐application of the toxin with PSK increased Calvin cycle capacity. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Our study reveals that the mechanism of disabling mycotoxin toxicity by MAMPs is activation of PSK signalling and stimulation of the photosynthetic machinery. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling is integral to nearly all aspects of plant biology, including development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It operates through two main layers: the generation of Ca 2+ signals and their decoding by Ca 2+ ‐binding proteins, which act early in diverse signaling pathways. The system exhibits remarkable robustness and versatility, largely due to its network‐like organization. While fundamental principles of Ca 2+ signaling were initially established in noncrop model organisms, recent research has increasingly expanded toward major crop species and has demonstrated that natural and synthetically created variation in Ca 2+ signaling components can shape agronomically important traits. In this review, we first provide a concise overview of the fundamental principles of plant Ca 2+ signaling and then synthesize the current status of this research field in major crop plants. We discuss why exploiting existing natural and engineering synthetic genetic diversity in Ca 2+ signaling components offers promising strategies to enhance crop stress resilience and yield stability. Subsequently, we delineate how – aided by artificial intelligence – superior alleles can be identified and/or created and incorporated into elite crop genomes. Finally, we discuss current challenges and emerging perspectives in translating Ca 2+ signaling research into practical applications for crop improvement.
{"title":"Calcium signaling in crops","authors":"Chunxia Zhang, Yang Song, Jörg Kudla","doi":"10.1111/nph.70796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70796","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Calcium (Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> ) signaling is integral to nearly all aspects of plant biology, including development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It operates through two main layers: the generation of Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> signals and their decoding by Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> ‐binding proteins, which act early in diverse signaling pathways. The system exhibits remarkable robustness and versatility, largely due to its network‐like organization. While fundamental principles of Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> signaling were initially established in noncrop model organisms, recent research has increasingly expanded toward major crop species and has demonstrated that natural and synthetically created variation in Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> signaling components can shape agronomically important traits. In this review, we first provide a concise overview of the fundamental principles of plant Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> signaling and then synthesize the current status of this research field in major crop plants. We discuss why exploiting existing natural and engineering synthetic genetic diversity in Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> signaling components offers promising strategies to enhance crop stress resilience and yield stability. Subsequently, we delineate how – aided by artificial intelligence – superior alleles can be identified and/or created and incorporated into elite crop genomes. Finally, we discuss current challenges and emerging perspectives in translating Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> signaling research into practical applications for crop improvement.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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