Lennart A. I. Ramakers, Jeremy Harbinson, Emilie Wientjes, Herbert van Amerongen
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Photosynthesis is arguably one of the most important biological processes in Nature (Blankenship, <span>2008</span>; Johnson, <span>2016</span>). In this process, the incoming solar radiation is captured by photosynthetic organisms and converted to chemical energy, and so underpins most of the food chains on Earth (Nelson & Yocum, <span>2006</span>; Blankenship, <span>2008</span>; Johnson, <span>2016</span>). However, if oxygenic photosynthetic organisms are exposed to light intensities at which the rate of photon absorption exceeds the rate of photochemical quenching of excitations and thus photosynthetic metabolism, the excess excitations present within the photosystems can cause photodamage. Specifically, high light results in a large portion of the reaction centres (RCs) within the photosystems being in the closed state. With increasing irradiance, it is more likely that an excitation encounters a closed RC leading to triplet states being formed by back reactions within the reaction centre, which in turn can produce singlet oxygen (Vass, <span>2011</span>; Telfer, <span>2014</span>). In order to minimise such photodamage, oxygenic photosynthetic organisms activate photoprotective mechanisms, designed to safely remove excess excitations from the photosystems via nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) (Horton <i>et al</i>., <span>1996</span>; Demmig-Adams & Adams, <span>1996b</span>; De Bianchi <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>; Ruban <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>). In photosystem II (PSII), NPQ is mediated by several different molecular mechanisms that act together to quench excitations (Demmig-Adams & Adams, <span>1996a</span>,<span>b</span>; D'Haese <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Li <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>, <span>2009</span>; Johnson <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Jahns & Holzwarth, <span>2012</span>; Ruban <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>; Sylak-Glassman <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>; Goldschmidt-Clermont & Bassi, <span>2015</span>; Armbruster <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Ruban, <span>2016</span>, <span>2019</span>; Farooq <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Townsend <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Van Amerongen & Chmeliov, <span>2020</span>; Ruban & Wilson, <span>2021</span>; Long <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). The fastest of these mechanisms are triggered by the accumulation of protons in the lumenal space, and these processes have been studied for several decades (Demmig-Adams & Adams, <span>1996a</span>,<span>b</span>; D'Haese <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Li <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>, <span>2009</span>; Johnson <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Jahns & Holzwarth, <span>2012</span>; Ruban <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>; Sylak-Glassman <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>; Goldschmidt-Clermont & Bassi, <span>2015</span>; Armbruster <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Ruban, <span>2016</span>, <span>2019</span>; Townsend <i>et al</i>., <span>20
引言光合作用可以说是自然界最重要的生物过程之一（Blankenship，2008；Johnson，2016）。在这一过程中，光合生物捕获进入的太阳辐射并将其转化为化学能，因此支撑着地球上的大部分食物链（Nelson & Yocum, 2006; Blankenship, 2008; Johnson, 2016）。然而，如果含氧光合生物暴露在光强下，光子吸收率超过了激发的光化学淬灭率，从而影响光合代谢，那么光系统内存在的过量激发就会造成光损伤。具体来说，强光会导致光合系统中的大部分反应中心（RC）处于关闭状态。随着辐照度的增加，激发更有可能遇到封闭的 RC，导致反应中心内的逆反应形成三重态，进而产生单线态氧（Vass，2011 年；Telfer，2014 年）。为了最大限度地减少这种光损伤，含氧光合生物启动了光保护机制，旨在通过非光化学淬灭（NPQ）安全地清除光系统中的过量激发（Horton 等人，1996 年；Demmig-Adams &s; Adams, 1996b；De Bianchi 等人，2010 年；Ruban 等人，2012 年）。在光系统 II（PSII）中，NPQ 是由几种不同的分子机制共同淬灭激发的（Demmig-Adams & Adams, 1996a,b；D'Haese 等人，2004 年；Li 等人，2004 年，2009 年；Johnson 等人，2009 年；Jahns & Holzwarth, 2012 年；Ruban 等人，2012 年；Sylak-Glassman、2012；Sylak-Glassman 等人，2014；Goldschmidt-Clermont & Bassi，2015；Armbruster 等人，2016；Ruban，2016，2019；Farooq 等人，2018；Townsend 等人，2018；Van Amerongen & Chmeliov，2020；Ruban & Wilson，2021；Long 等人，2022）。这些机制中最快的是由腔隙中质子的积累触发的，对这些过程的研究已有几十年（Demmig-Adams & Adams, 1996a,b; D'Haese et al、2009；Jahns & Holzwarth，2012；Ruban 等人，2012；Sylak-Glassman 等人，2014；Goldschmidt-Clermont & Bassi，2015；Armbruster 等人，2016；Ruban，2016，2019；Townsend 等人，2018；Ruban & Wilson，2021；Long 等人，2022）。这些过程与 PsbS 蛋白的质子化和中黄质脱氧化酶（VDE）的激活有关，导致玉米黄质通过花青素积累。虽然已知这些过程对 NPQ 非常重要，但对其诱导和松弛动力学的许多研究表明，在整个 NPQ 反应中存在明显的潜伏期（Kromdijk 等人，2016 年；Ruban，2017 年；Wang 等人，2020 年）。这种潜伏期被认为会在光照强度降低时显著降低光合作用的效率，而在光照强度突然增加时，这种潜伏期会使光合作用装置暂时受到保护。因此，人们对这些过程进行了广泛研究，以期提高光合作用和光保护的整体效率（Kromdijk 等人，2016 年；De Souza 等人，2022 年）。通常情况下，利用光合生物体在暴露于光照或光照变化后稳态荧光和吸收光谱的变化，在体内探测 NPQ 响应所涉及的分子过程。有几项研究将吸收光谱的特定变化与 VDE 被激活导致玉米黄质积累（Bilger & Björkman, 1990; Li 等人，2000; Johnson 等人，2009 年）以及被认为与 PsbS 质子化有关的淬灭物种的形成联系起来（Johnson & Ruban, 2010 年）。除了这些变化之外，人们还注意到可以通过监测吸收光谱的变化来探测反式硫酰基电压的大小，而吸收光谱的变化是由反式硫酰基电压产生的电场导致的电致变色偏移（ECS）引起的（Bailleul 等人，2010 年），还可以通过监测光谱远红部分的变化来测量 PSI RC 的氧化状态（Harbinson & Woodward, 1987; Klughammer & Schreiber, 1998）。这些研究已被用于探索 NPQ 的不同方面，并对基本过程的诱导产生了一些启发。然而，由于大量含有不同发色团的分子物种与非三维吸收光谱的高度卷积所造成的复杂性，这些测量方法从广义上讲难以执行和分析。
{"title":"Unravelling the different components of nonphotochemical quenching using a novel analytical pipeline","authors":"Lennart A. I. Ramakers, Jeremy Harbinson, Emilie Wientjes, Herbert van Amerongen","doi":"10.1111/nph.20271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20271","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Photosynthesis is arguably one of the most important biological processes in Nature (Blankenship, <span>2008</span>; Johnson, <span>2016</span>). In this process, the incoming solar radiation is captured by photosynthetic organisms and converted to chemical energy, and so underpins most of the food chains on Earth (Nelson & Yocum, <span>2006</span>; Blankenship, <span>2008</span>; Johnson, <span>2016</span>). However, if oxygenic photosynthetic organisms are exposed to light intensities at which the rate of photon absorption exceeds the rate of photochemical quenching of excitations and thus photosynthetic metabolism, the excess excitations present within the photosystems can cause photodamage. Specifically, high light results in a large portion of the reaction centres (RCs) within the photosystems being in the closed state. With increasing irradiance, it is more likely that an excitation encounters a closed RC leading to triplet states being formed by back reactions within the reaction centre, which in turn can produce singlet oxygen (Vass, <span>2011</span>; Telfer, <span>2014</span>). In order to minimise such photodamage, oxygenic photosynthetic organisms activate photoprotective mechanisms, designed to safely remove excess excitations from the photosystems via nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) (Horton <i>et al</i>., <span>1996</span>; Demmig-Adams & Adams, <span>1996b</span>; De Bianchi <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>; Ruban <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>). In photosystem II (PSII), NPQ is mediated by several different molecular mechanisms that act together to quench excitations (Demmig-Adams & Adams, <span>1996a</span>,<span>b</span>; D'Haese <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Li <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>, <span>2009</span>; Johnson <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Jahns & Holzwarth, <span>2012</span>; Ruban <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>; Sylak-Glassman <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>; Goldschmidt-Clermont & Bassi, <span>2015</span>; Armbruster <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Ruban, <span>2016</span>, <span>2019</span>; Farooq <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Townsend <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Van Amerongen & Chmeliov, <span>2020</span>; Ruban & Wilson, <span>2021</span>; Long <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). The fastest of these mechanisms are triggered by the accumulation of protons in the lumenal space, and these processes have been studied for several decades (Demmig-Adams & Adams, <span>1996a</span>,<span>b</span>; D'Haese <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Li <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>, <span>2009</span>; Johnson <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Jahns & Holzwarth, <span>2012</span>; Ruban <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>; Sylak-Glassman <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>; Goldschmidt-Clermont & Bassi, <span>2015</span>; Armbruster <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Ruban, <span>2016</span>, <span>2019</span>; Townsend <i>et al</i>., <span>20","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melanie J. Wilkinson, Kathleen McLay, David Kainer, Cassandra Elphinstone, Natalie L. Dillon, Matthew Webb, Upendra K. Wijesundara, Asjad Ali, Ian S. E. Bally, Norman Munyengwa, Agnelo Furtado, Robert J. Henry, Craig M. Hardner, Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos
Chromosomal inversions can preserve combinations of favorable alleles by suppressing recombination. Simultaneously, they reduce the effectiveness of purifying selection enabling deleterious alleles to accumulate.
This study explores how areas of low recombination, including centromeric regions and chromosomal inversions, contribute to the accumulation of deleterious and favorable loci in 225 Mangifera indica genomes from the Australian Mango Breeding Program.
Here, we identify 17 chromosomal inversions that cover 7.7% (29.7 Mb) of the M. indica genome: eight pericentric (inversion includes the centromere) and nine paracentric (inversion is on one arm of the chromosome). Our results show that these large pericentric inversions are accumulating deleterious loci, while the paracentric inversions show deleterious levels above and below the genome wide average. We find that despite their deleterious load, chromosomal inversions contain small effect loci linked to variation in crucial breeding traits.
These results indicate that chromosomal inversions have likely facilitated the evolution of key mango breeding traits. Our study has important implications for selective breeding of favorable combinations of alleles in regions of low recombination.
{"title":"Centromeres are hotspots for chromosomal inversions and breeding traits in mango","authors":"Melanie J. Wilkinson, Kathleen McLay, David Kainer, Cassandra Elphinstone, Natalie L. Dillon, Matthew Webb, Upendra K. Wijesundara, Asjad Ali, Ian S. E. Bally, Norman Munyengwa, Agnelo Furtado, Robert J. Henry, Craig M. Hardner, Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos","doi":"10.1111/nph.20252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20252","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Chromosomal inversions can preserve combinations of favorable alleles by suppressing recombination. Simultaneously, they reduce the effectiveness of purifying selection enabling deleterious alleles to accumulate.</li>\u0000<li>This study explores how areas of low recombination, including centromeric regions and chromosomal inversions, contribute to the accumulation of deleterious and favorable loci in 225 <i>Mangifera indica</i> genomes from the Australian Mango Breeding Program.</li>\u0000<li>Here, we identify 17 chromosomal inversions that cover 7.7% (29.7 Mb) of the <i>M. indica</i> genome: eight pericentric (inversion includes the centromere) and nine paracentric (inversion is on one arm of the chromosome). Our results show that these large pericentric inversions are accumulating deleterious loci, while the paracentric inversions show deleterious levels above and below the genome wide average. We find that despite their deleterious load, chromosomal inversions contain small effect loci linked to variation in crucial breeding traits.</li>\u0000<li>These results indicate that chromosomal inversions have likely facilitated the evolution of key mango breeding traits. Our study has important implications for selective breeding of favorable combinations of alleles in regions of low recombination.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Tünnermann, Camila Aguetoni Cambui, Oskar Franklin, Patrizia Merkel, Torgny Näsholm, Regina Gratz
SummaryDifferences in soil mobility and assimilation costs between organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) compounds would hypothetically induce plant phenotypic plasticity to optimize acquisition of, and performance on, the different N forms. Here we evaluated this hypothesis experimentally and theoretically.We grew Arabidopsis in split‐root setups combined with stable isotope labelling to study uptake and distribution of carbon (C) and N from l‐glutamine (l‐gln) and NO3− and assessed the effect of the N source on biomass partitioning and carbon use efficiency (CUE).Analyses of stable isotopes showed that 40–48% of C acquired from l‐gln resided in plants, contributing 7–8% to total C of both shoots and roots. Plants grown on l‐gln exhibited increased root mass fraction and root hair length and a significantly lower N uptake rate per unit root biomass but displayed significantly enhanced CUE.Our data suggests that organic N nutrition is linked to a particular phenotype with extensive growth of roots and root hairs that optimizes for uptake of less mobile N forms. Increased CUE and lower N uptake per unit root growth may be key facets linked to the organic N phenotype.
{"title":"Plant organic nitrogen nutrition: costs, benefits, and carbon use efficiency","authors":"Laura Tünnermann, Camila Aguetoni Cambui, Oskar Franklin, Patrizia Merkel, Torgny Näsholm, Regina Gratz","doi":"10.1111/nph.20285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20285","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Differences in soil mobility and assimilation costs between organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) compounds would hypothetically induce plant phenotypic plasticity to optimize acquisition of, and performance on, the different N forms. Here we evaluated this hypothesis experimentally and theoretically.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We grew Arabidopsis in split‐root setups combined with stable isotope labelling to study uptake and distribution of carbon (C) and N from <jats:sc>l</jats:sc>‐glutamine (<jats:sc>l</jats:sc>‐gln) and NO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub><jats:sup>−</jats:sup> and assessed the effect of the N source on biomass partitioning and carbon use efficiency (CUE).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Analyses of stable isotopes showed that 40–48% of C acquired from <jats:sc>l</jats:sc>‐gln resided in plants, contributing 7–8% to total C of both shoots and roots. Plants grown on <jats:sc>l</jats:sc>‐gln exhibited increased root mass fraction and root hair length and a significantly lower N uptake rate per unit root biomass but displayed significantly enhanced CUE.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our data suggests that organic N nutrition is linked to a particular phenotype with extensive growth of roots and root hairs that optimizes for uptake of less mobile N forms. Increased CUE and lower N uptake per unit root growth may be key facets linked to the organic N phenotype.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"160 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleanore Jeanne Ritter, Carolyn D. K. Graham, Chad Niederhuth, Marjorie Gail Weber
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Mutualisms between plants and arthropods have evolved repeatedly across evolutionary time (Blattner <i>et al</i>., <span>2001</span>; Bronstein <i>et al</i>., <span>2006</span>), promoting the evolution of unique, heritable structures in plants that attract, reward, or protect mutualists (Romero & Benson, <span>2005</span>; Bronstein <i>et al</i>., <span>2006</span>). Investigating the genetic basis of mutualistic structures provides critical insights into how mutualisms evolved. Mite domatia (hereafter ‘domatia’) are tiny plant structures produced by many woody plant species on the underside of leaves that provide shelter for beneficial mites. Domatia facilitate a bodyguard mutualism between plants and mites: Mites benefit from the refuge provided by the domatia, which protects them from predators (Grostal & O'Dowd, <span>1994</span>; Norton <i>et al</i>., <span>2001</span>; Faraji <i>et al</i>., <span>2002a</span>,<span>b</span>; Romero & Benson, <span>2005</span>), and in return, plants receive protection from pathogenic fungi and/or herbivory via fungivorous and/or predacious mites (Agrawal & Karban, <span>1997</span>; Norton <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>; Romero & Benson, <span>2004</span>). Domatia are common defenses in natural systems: They are present in over 5000 plant species and make up a large proportion of woody plant species in temperate deciduous forests (e.g. <i>c</i>. 50% of woody plant species in forests in Korea (O'Dowd & Pemberton, <span>1998</span>) and Eastern North America (Willson, <span>1991</span>)). They are present in several crop plants and have been studied as a pest control strategy in agriculture (Romero & Benson, <span>2005</span>; Barba <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). Yet, despite their agricultural and ecological importance, we know relatively little about the genetic underpinnings of mite domatia in plants.</p> <p>The genus <i>Vitis</i> is a powerful group for studying the genetics of domatia due to their heritable variation in domatia presence and size (English-Loeb <i>et al</i>., <span>2002</span>; Graham <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>) and the genetic and germplasm resources available. In <i>Vitis</i>, domatia are constitutive structures comprised of small, dense tufts of trichomes covering a depression/pit in the leaf surface in the abaxial vein axils, termed ‘tuft’ domatia. Norton <i>et al</i>. (<span>2000</span>) demonstrated that domatia in <i>Vitis riparia</i>, a wild grapevine species with relatively large domatia, led to a 48% reduction in powdery mildew in comparison with <i>V. riparia</i> plants with blocked domatia, which were inaccessible to mites. Given how effective domatia are as biological control agents in this system, there is interest in understanding domatia in domesticated grapevine (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>) and related species. The species <i>V. riparia</i> has been utilized for studies investigating domatia in <i>Vitis</i> due
{"title":"Small, but mitey: investigating the molecular genetic basis for mite domatia development and intraspecific variation in Vitis riparia using transcriptomics","authors":"Eleanore Jeanne Ritter, Carolyn D. K. Graham, Chad Niederhuth, Marjorie Gail Weber","doi":"10.1111/nph.20226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20226","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Mutualisms between plants and arthropods have evolved repeatedly across evolutionary time (Blattner <i>et al</i>., <span>2001</span>; Bronstein <i>et al</i>., <span>2006</span>), promoting the evolution of unique, heritable structures in plants that attract, reward, or protect mutualists (Romero & Benson, <span>2005</span>; Bronstein <i>et al</i>., <span>2006</span>). Investigating the genetic basis of mutualistic structures provides critical insights into how mutualisms evolved. Mite domatia (hereafter ‘domatia’) are tiny plant structures produced by many woody plant species on the underside of leaves that provide shelter for beneficial mites. Domatia facilitate a bodyguard mutualism between plants and mites: Mites benefit from the refuge provided by the domatia, which protects them from predators (Grostal & O'Dowd, <span>1994</span>; Norton <i>et al</i>., <span>2001</span>; Faraji <i>et al</i>., <span>2002a</span>,<span>b</span>; Romero & Benson, <span>2005</span>), and in return, plants receive protection from pathogenic fungi and/or herbivory via fungivorous and/or predacious mites (Agrawal & Karban, <span>1997</span>; Norton <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>; Romero & Benson, <span>2004</span>). Domatia are common defenses in natural systems: They are present in over 5000 plant species and make up a large proportion of woody plant species in temperate deciduous forests (e.g. <i>c</i>. 50% of woody plant species in forests in Korea (O'Dowd & Pemberton, <span>1998</span>) and Eastern North America (Willson, <span>1991</span>)). They are present in several crop plants and have been studied as a pest control strategy in agriculture (Romero & Benson, <span>2005</span>; Barba <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). Yet, despite their agricultural and ecological importance, we know relatively little about the genetic underpinnings of mite domatia in plants.</p>\u0000<p>The genus <i>Vitis</i> is a powerful group for studying the genetics of domatia due to their heritable variation in domatia presence and size (English-Loeb <i>et al</i>., <span>2002</span>; Graham <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>) and the genetic and germplasm resources available. In <i>Vitis</i>, domatia are constitutive structures comprised of small, dense tufts of trichomes covering a depression/pit in the leaf surface in the abaxial vein axils, termed ‘tuft’ domatia. Norton <i>et al</i>. (<span>2000</span>) demonstrated that domatia in <i>Vitis riparia</i>, a wild grapevine species with relatively large domatia, led to a 48% reduction in powdery mildew in comparison with <i>V. riparia</i> plants with blocked domatia, which were inaccessible to mites. Given how effective domatia are as biological control agents in this system, there is interest in understanding domatia in domesticated grapevine (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>) and related species. The species <i>V. riparia</i> has been utilized for studies investigating domatia in <i>Vitis</i> due","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bingbing Lv, Huaiyu Deng, Jia Wei, Qiaoqiao Feng, Bo Liu, Anqi Zuo, Yichen Bai, Jingying Liu, Juane Dong, Pengda Ma
Salvia miltiorrhiza holds significant importance in traditional Chinese medicine. Stress-associated proteins (SAP), identified by A20/AN1 zinc finger structural domains, play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and hormone responses.
Herein, we conducted a genome-wide identification of the SAP gene family in S. miltiorrhiza. The expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of SmSAP4 under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salt stress. Overexpressing SmSAP4 in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots increased tanshinones content while decreasing salvianolic acids content, while RNAi-silencing SmSAP4 had the opposite effect. SmSAP4 overexpression in both Arabidopsis thaliana and S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots decreased their salt stress tolerance, accompanied by increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and a hindered ability to maintain the Na+ : K+ ratio.
Further investigations demonstrated that MeJA alleviated the inhibitory effect of SmJAZ3 on SmSAP4 activation by SmbHLH37 and SmERF73. However, MeJA did not affect the inhibition of SmSAP4 activation by SmJAZ8 through SmbHLH37.
In summary, our research reveals that SmSAP4 negatively regulates the accumulation of salvianic acid through the SmJAZs-SmbHLH37/SmERF73-SmSAP4 module and positively impacting the accumulation of tanshinones. Additionally, it functions as a negative regulator under salt stress.
{"title":"SmJAZs-SmbHLH37/SmERF73-SmSAP4 module mediates jasmonic acid signaling to balance biosynthesis of medicinal metabolites and salt tolerance in Salvia miltiorrhiza","authors":"Bingbing Lv, Huaiyu Deng, Jia Wei, Qiaoqiao Feng, Bo Liu, Anqi Zuo, Yichen Bai, Jingying Liu, Juane Dong, Pengda Ma","doi":"10.1111/nph.20110","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20110","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li><i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i> holds significant importance in traditional Chinese medicine. Stress-associated proteins (SAP), identified by A20/AN1 zinc finger structural domains, play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and hormone responses.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Herein, we conducted a genome-wide identification of the SAP gene family in <i>S. miltiorrhiza</i>. The expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of <i>SmSAP4</i> under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salt stress. Overexpressing <i>SmSAP4</i> in <i>S. miltiorrhiza</i> hairy roots increased tanshinones content while decreasing salvianolic acids content, while RNAi-silencing <i>SmSAP4</i> had the opposite effect. <i>SmSAP4</i> overexpression in both <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and <i>S. miltiorrhiza</i> hairy roots decreased their salt stress tolerance, accompanied by increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and a hindered ability to maintain the Na<sup>+</sup> : K<sup>+</sup> ratio.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Further investigations demonstrated that MeJA alleviated the inhibitory effect of SmJAZ3 on <i>SmSAP4</i> activation by SmbHLH37 and SmERF73. However, MeJA did not affect the inhibition of <i>SmSAP4</i> activation by SmJAZ8 through SmbHLH37.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>In summary, our research reveals that <i>SmSAP4</i> negatively regulates the accumulation of salvianic acid through the SmJAZs-SmbHLH37/SmERF73-<i>SmSAP4</i> module and positively impacting the accumulation of tanshinones. Additionally, it functions as a negative regulator under salt stress.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"244 4","pages":"1450-1466"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first step in carbon (C) turnover, where senesced plant biomass is converted through various pathways into compounds that are released to the atmosphere or incorporated into the soil, is termed litter decomposition. This review is focused on recent advances of how solar radiation can affect this important process in terrestrial ecosystems. We explore the photochemical degradation of plant litter and its consequences for biotic decomposition and C cycling. The ubiquitous presence of lignin in plant tissues poses an important challenge for enzymatic litter decomposition due to its biological recalcitrance, creating a substantial bottleneck for decomposer organisms. The recognition that lignin is also photolabile and can be rapidly altered by natural doses of sunlight to increase access to cell wall carbohydrates and even bolster the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes highlights a novel role for lignin in modulating rates of litter decomposition. Lignin represents a key functional connector between photochemistry and biochemistry with important consequences for our understanding of how sunlight exposure may affect litter decomposition in a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems. A mechanistic understanding of how sunlight controls litter decomposition and C turnover can help inform management and other decisions related to mitigating human impact on the planet.
{"title":"Photodegradation in terrestrial ecosystems","authors":"Amy T. Austin, Carlos L. Ballaré","doi":"10.1111/nph.20105","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20105","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The first step in carbon (C) turnover, where senesced plant biomass is converted through various pathways into compounds that are released to the atmosphere or incorporated into the soil, is termed litter decomposition. This review is focused on recent advances of how solar radiation can affect this important process in terrestrial ecosystems. We explore the photochemical degradation of plant litter and its consequences for biotic decomposition and C cycling. The ubiquitous presence of lignin in plant tissues poses an important challenge for enzymatic litter decomposition due to its biological recalcitrance, creating a substantial bottleneck for decomposer organisms. The recognition that lignin is also photolabile and can be rapidly altered by natural doses of sunlight to increase access to cell wall carbohydrates and even bolster the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes highlights a novel role for lignin in modulating rates of litter decomposition. Lignin represents a key functional connector between photochemistry and biochemistry with important consequences for our understanding of how sunlight exposure may affect litter decomposition in a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems. A mechanistic understanding of how sunlight controls litter decomposition and C turnover can help inform management and other decisions related to mitigating human impact on the planet.</p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"244 3","pages":"769-785"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guang-Jiu Hao, Jun Ying, Lu-Shen Li, Fei Yu, Shan-Shan Dun, Le-Yan Su, Xin-Ying Zhao, Sha Li, Yan Zhang
Style penetration by pollen tubes is essential for reproductive success, a process requiring canonical Rab5s in Arabidopsis. However, functional loss of Arabidopsis Vps9a, the gene encoding for guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of Rab5s, did not affect male transmission, implying the presence of a compensation program or redundancy.
By combining genetic, cytological, and molecular approaches, we report that Arabidopsis Vps9b is a pollen-preferential gene, redundantly mediating pollen tube penetration of style with Vps9a.
Vps9b is functionally interchangeable with Vps9a, whose functional distinction results from distinct expression profiles.
Functional loss of Vps9a and Vps9b results in the mis-targeting of Rab5-dependent tonoplast proteins, defective vacuolar biogenesis, disturbed distribution of post-Golgi vesicles, increased cellular turgor, cytosolic acidification, and disrupted organization of actin microfilaments (MF) in pollen tubes, which collectively lead to the failure of pollen tubes to grow through style.
{"title":"Two functionally interchangeable Vps9 isoforms mediate pollen tube penetration of style","authors":"Guang-Jiu Hao, Jun Ying, Lu-Shen Li, Fei Yu, Shan-Shan Dun, Le-Yan Su, Xin-Ying Zhao, Sha Li, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20088","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20088","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Style penetration by pollen tubes is essential for reproductive success, a process requiring canonical Rab5s in Arabidopsis. However, functional loss of Arabidopsis Vps9a, the gene encoding for guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of Rab5s, did not affect male transmission, implying the presence of a compensation program or redundancy.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>By combining genetic, cytological, and molecular approaches, we report that Arabidopsis <i>Vps9b</i> is a pollen-preferential gene, redundantly mediating pollen tube penetration of style with <i>Vps9a</i>.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Vps9b is functionally interchangeable with Vps9a, whose functional distinction results from distinct expression profiles.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Functional loss of <i>Vps9a</i> and <i>Vps9b</i> results in the mis-targeting of Rab5-dependent tonoplast proteins, defective vacuolar biogenesis, disturbed distribution of post-Golgi vesicles, increased cellular turgor, cytosolic acidification, and disrupted organization of actin microfilaments (MF) in pollen tubes, which collectively lead to the failure of pollen tubes to grow through style.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"244 3","pages":"840-854"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiao Jiang, Qin Feng, Zijun Zhao, Qiyan Liu, Man Liu, Jiafa Wang, Feishi Luan, Xian Zhang, Shujuan Tian, Shi Liu, Li Yuan
<p>Seedlessness is one of the most sought-after agronomic traits, particularly in fruit crops that necessitate the removal of hard seeds during consumption (Pandolfini, <span>2009</span>). Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) exemplifies such fruits, ranking as the third most consumed fresh fruit globally. The popularity of seedless watermelons is rising due to their ease of consumption, extended shelf life and potential for value-added processed products. Research on seedless watermelon has explored various techniques such as triploid production, hormone induction, and chromosome translocation. Currently, triploid seedless watermelons dominate the commercial market. These are produced by crossing a tetraploid maternal parent with a diploid male parent, resulting in seedless fruits due to chromosomal imbalances during meiosis (Kihara, <span>1951</span>). However, breeding tetraploid parents is laborious and time-consuming, involving the colchicine doubling of diploid plants and several generations (5–8) of self-crossing to stabilize traits and restore fertility. Furthermore, triploid seeds have low yields, germination rates, and survival rates, leading to higher seed production costs (Varoquaux <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>). Consequently, there is an urgent need for a novel, safe, and highly efficient production system to meet the growing consumer demand for seedless watermelons.</p><p>Transgene-free genome editing in crop plants provides a significant superiority for developing an effective diploid seedless watermelon production system by mutating crucial genes that regulate different processes of seed formation. It has been reported that several genes, including <i>SPL</i>/<i>NZZ</i> (<i>SPOROCYTELESS</i>/<i>NOZZLE</i>) which encodes a nuclear protein related to MADS box transcription factors, <i>SPO11-2</i> (<i>SPORULATION 11-2</i>) encoding a DNA topoisomerase VI-A subunit, <i>CKI1</i> (<i>CYTOKININ INDEPENDENT</i> 1) encoding a cytokinin signaling activator, and <i>LEC2</i> (<i>LEAFY COTYLEDON 2</i>) encoding a B3 domain transcription factor, play pivotal roles in sporogenesis, gametogenesis, and embryogenesis (Supporting Information Fig. S1) (Meinke <i>et al</i>., <span>1994</span>; Schiefthaler <i>et al</i>., <span>1999</span>; Yang <i>et al</i>., <span>1999</span>; Stacey <i>et al</i>., <span>2006</span>; Yuan <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). Mutations in these genes have led to the production of seedless fruits in the model plants <i>Arabidopsis</i> and tomato (Hejátko <i>et al</i>., <span>2003</span>; Rojas-Gracia <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>; Fayos <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>), providing valuable genetic insights for establishing a diploid seedless watermelon system. However, due to functional variations among homologous genes from different species, effective seedlessness-inducing genes for watermelon still need to be identified and validated. In this study, we established a novel diploid seedless watermelon production
{"title":"Establishing a highly efficient diploid seedless watermelon production system through manipulation of the SPOROCYTELESS gene","authors":"Jiao Jiang, Qin Feng, Zijun Zhao, Qiyan Liu, Man Liu, Jiafa Wang, Feishi Luan, Xian Zhang, Shujuan Tian, Shi Liu, Li Yuan","doi":"10.1111/nph.20108","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seedlessness is one of the most sought-after agronomic traits, particularly in fruit crops that necessitate the removal of hard seeds during consumption (Pandolfini, <span>2009</span>). Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) exemplifies such fruits, ranking as the third most consumed fresh fruit globally. The popularity of seedless watermelons is rising due to their ease of consumption, extended shelf life and potential for value-added processed products. Research on seedless watermelon has explored various techniques such as triploid production, hormone induction, and chromosome translocation. Currently, triploid seedless watermelons dominate the commercial market. These are produced by crossing a tetraploid maternal parent with a diploid male parent, resulting in seedless fruits due to chromosomal imbalances during meiosis (Kihara, <span>1951</span>). However, breeding tetraploid parents is laborious and time-consuming, involving the colchicine doubling of diploid plants and several generations (5–8) of self-crossing to stabilize traits and restore fertility. Furthermore, triploid seeds have low yields, germination rates, and survival rates, leading to higher seed production costs (Varoquaux <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>). Consequently, there is an urgent need for a novel, safe, and highly efficient production system to meet the growing consumer demand for seedless watermelons.</p><p>Transgene-free genome editing in crop plants provides a significant superiority for developing an effective diploid seedless watermelon production system by mutating crucial genes that regulate different processes of seed formation. It has been reported that several genes, including <i>SPL</i>/<i>NZZ</i> (<i>SPOROCYTELESS</i>/<i>NOZZLE</i>) which encodes a nuclear protein related to MADS box transcription factors, <i>SPO11-2</i> (<i>SPORULATION 11-2</i>) encoding a DNA topoisomerase VI-A subunit, <i>CKI1</i> (<i>CYTOKININ INDEPENDENT</i> 1) encoding a cytokinin signaling activator, and <i>LEC2</i> (<i>LEAFY COTYLEDON 2</i>) encoding a B3 domain transcription factor, play pivotal roles in sporogenesis, gametogenesis, and embryogenesis (Supporting Information Fig. S1) (Meinke <i>et al</i>., <span>1994</span>; Schiefthaler <i>et al</i>., <span>1999</span>; Yang <i>et al</i>., <span>1999</span>; Stacey <i>et al</i>., <span>2006</span>; Yuan <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). Mutations in these genes have led to the production of seedless fruits in the model plants <i>Arabidopsis</i> and tomato (Hejátko <i>et al</i>., <span>2003</span>; Rojas-Gracia <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>; Fayos <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>), providing valuable genetic insights for establishing a diploid seedless watermelon system. However, due to functional variations among homologous genes from different species, effective seedlessness-inducing genes for watermelon still need to be identified and validated. In this study, we established a novel diploid seedless watermelon production","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"244 4","pages":"1128-1136"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142170692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra Grünig, Theofania Patsiou, Christian Parisod
laevigata，再加上二倍体种群在中欧地区的零散分布，导致该物种群中出现了 20 个种、亚种或变种（Machatschki-Laurich, 1926; Olowokudejo & Heywood, 1984; Raffaelli & Baldoin, 1997）。由于之前的遗传研究只关注分布区的一部分（如阿尔卑斯山西部；Parisod & Besnard, 2007）或使用分辨率较低的遗传标记（如同工酶；Tremetsberger 等人, 2002），阿尔卑斯山二倍体的时空分化和四倍体的起源仍然难以捉摸。因此，在本研究中，我们结合了 ddRAD-seq（双位限制性位点相关 DNA 测序）来描述全基因组的遗传变异模式和生态位模型，以重新审视 B. laevigata 在欧洲阿尔卑斯山的进化历史。基于对阿尔卑斯山周围和阿尔卑斯山内的二倍体B. laevigata种群的全面取样以及对整个阿尔卑斯山的四倍体B. laevigata种群的密集取样，我们评估了它们在空间和时间上的遗传和生态分化，以具体解决以下问题：（1）杂交在阿尔卑斯山四倍体B. laevigata起源中的作用；（2）四倍体B. laevigata是通过单一起源还是多重起源进化而来；以及（3）倍性转变是否伴随着气候生态位的转变。
{"title":"Ice age-driven range shifts of diploids and expanding autotetraploids of Biscutella laevigata within a conserved niche","authors":"Sandra Grünig, Theofania Patsiou, Christian Parisod","doi":"10.1111/nph.20103","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"244 4","pages":"1616-1628"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>I grew up in the countryside of the Netherlands where I attended a very small primary school with only two classrooms. At this school, I had the same teacher for 3 years, who was fascinated by nature, and I think he sparked my interest in biology. Later in high school, we had some practical courses in biology, and I found it easy to understand the experimental approaches that were used and to interpret the outcomes of these experiments. This made me decide to study biology, for which I went to Groningen, the nearest city to my home village. In those days, most biology students were keen to specialize in human physiology or microbiology. I wondered why so few of them were interested in plants, since one would expect similar physiological systems to work in plants, as in humans and bacteria. Because of this consideration, I decided to write my master's thesis in molecular plant biology and I have remained in that area of science until now.</p><p>As a master's student, I really loved being active in research, so I applied for a PhD position in the same laboratory where I conducted the work for my master's thesis. At that time, I did not think much about pursuing a career in plant research, I just enjoyed doing research. The goal of my PhD project was to understand how the drought hormone ABA closes the stomatal pores in the leaf surface of plants. For this purpose, I conducted electrophysiological experiments with guard cells. Although I had some success with my experiments, I could make only a small contribution to the knowledge of ABA responses of stomata.</p><p>This situation changed when I became a post-doctoral researcher in the laboratory of Rainer Hedrich in Würzburg, Germany. Here, I started to apply electrophysiology to guard cells in intact plants and found that the cells were much more responsive in their natural environment than in isolation. Using this approach, I could measure the responses of guard cells to light, CO<sub>2</sub> and ABA, which was a great reward. I kept working on stomata, and related topics, trying to understand how plant cells observe and adapt to signals in their environment, such as light and the presence of microorganisms.</p><p>I think I have one of the most wonderful jobs. The university gives me, and my students, a lot of freedom to conduct research projects and communicate our results. Moreover, as an Associate Editor of <i>New Phytologist</i>, I automatically get to stay in touch with the research results of others, which gives me new insights that lead to new questions that we try to answer with experiments in our laboratories.</p><p>I had some excellent supervisors, starting with my primary school teacher (Harm Soegies) that I mentioned above. During my PhD research period, I was supervised by Hidde Prins, who unfortunately died much too early. Hidde was a very calm and modest person, who did not interfere too much, but instead supported his students to find their own way in plant biology. The character
{"title":"Rob Roelfsema","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/nph.20086","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I grew up in the countryside of the Netherlands where I attended a very small primary school with only two classrooms. At this school, I had the same teacher for 3 years, who was fascinated by nature, and I think he sparked my interest in biology. Later in high school, we had some practical courses in biology, and I found it easy to understand the experimental approaches that were used and to interpret the outcomes of these experiments. This made me decide to study biology, for which I went to Groningen, the nearest city to my home village. In those days, most biology students were keen to specialize in human physiology or microbiology. I wondered why so few of them were interested in plants, since one would expect similar physiological systems to work in plants, as in humans and bacteria. Because of this consideration, I decided to write my master's thesis in molecular plant biology and I have remained in that area of science until now.</p><p>As a master's student, I really loved being active in research, so I applied for a PhD position in the same laboratory where I conducted the work for my master's thesis. At that time, I did not think much about pursuing a career in plant research, I just enjoyed doing research. The goal of my PhD project was to understand how the drought hormone ABA closes the stomatal pores in the leaf surface of plants. For this purpose, I conducted electrophysiological experiments with guard cells. Although I had some success with my experiments, I could make only a small contribution to the knowledge of ABA responses of stomata.</p><p>This situation changed when I became a post-doctoral researcher in the laboratory of Rainer Hedrich in Würzburg, Germany. Here, I started to apply electrophysiology to guard cells in intact plants and found that the cells were much more responsive in their natural environment than in isolation. Using this approach, I could measure the responses of guard cells to light, CO<sub>2</sub> and ABA, which was a great reward. I kept working on stomata, and related topics, trying to understand how plant cells observe and adapt to signals in their environment, such as light and the presence of microorganisms.</p><p>I think I have one of the most wonderful jobs. The university gives me, and my students, a lot of freedom to conduct research projects and communicate our results. Moreover, as an Associate Editor of <i>New Phytologist</i>, I automatically get to stay in touch with the research results of others, which gives me new insights that lead to new questions that we try to answer with experiments in our laboratories.</p><p>I had some excellent supervisors, starting with my primary school teacher (Harm Soegies) that I mentioned above. During my PhD research period, I was supervised by Hidde Prins, who unfortunately died much too early. Hidde was a very calm and modest person, who did not interfere too much, but instead supported his students to find their own way in plant biology. The character","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"244 3","pages":"767-768"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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