Jiaying Chang, Johannes Mapuranga, Xiaodong Wang, Haijiao Dong, Ruolin Li, Yingdan Zhang, Hao Li, Jie Shi, Wenxiang Yang
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Naturally, plants are continuously threatened by various biotic and abiotic stresses, and the most common biotic stresses include phytopathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi, etc. However, plants have developed a sophisticated multilayered immune system to protect themselves against attacks from potential pathogens (Dodds & Rathjen, <span>2010</span>; Jones <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). When a pathogen infects a host plant, plants first significantly upregulate the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes to initiate the first line of defense (Fisher <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>; Dos & Franco, <span>2023</span>). Currently, 19 classes of PR proteins have been discovered based on structural similarity and functional activity (Dos & Franco, <span>2023</span>; Li <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>), among which the sweet-tasting thaumatin homologs, thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) isolated from <i>Thaumatococcus danielli</i>, belong to the PR-5 family (Liu <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Nawrot <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Research indicates that TLPs play a crucial role in plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. For example, the stable expression of TaTLP1 in wheat enhanced resistance to <i>Pt</i> and common root rot (Cui <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). <i>AnTLP13</i> from <i>Ammopiptanthus nanus</i> localizes in the apoplast and overexpression of <i>AnTLP13</i> in tobacco enhanced its tolerance to low-temperature stress (Liu <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). Wheat TaLr35PR5 is involved in the <i>Lr35</i>-mediated defense response of adult wheat against leaf rust disease (Zhang <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>). Silencing of <i>GhTLP19</i> rendered cotton more sensitive to drought and <i>Verticillium dahlia</i>, whereas overexpressing it in transgenic <i>Arabidopsis</i> enhanced drought tolerance (Li <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>). TLP proteins purified from bananas trigger antifungal activity by inducing membrane disruption and cell wall disintegration in fungi (Jiao <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>). Currently, there is limited research on the function of TLPs in fungi. The effector protein PTTG_04779 in wheat leaf rust fungus contains a thaumatin domain and has been identified as a candidate protein for AvrLr19, which can inhibit BAX-induced programmed cell death in tobacco cells (Cui <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). However, the impact of TLP proteins in fungi on their pathogenicity has not been reported. Therefore, investigating the role of TLPs in the fungal pathogenic process is of significant importance for elucidating the pathogenic mechanism of the pathogen.</p> <p>The chloroplast plays a pivotal role in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism, which are important targets in the intricate virulence strategies of many pathogens. Recently, the chloroplast have been recognized as crucial hubs of immune signaling, serving as a fundamental component in the in
引言 自然界中，植物不断受到各种生物和非生物胁迫的威胁，最常见的生物胁迫包括植物病原菌、病毒和真菌等。然而，植物已经发展出一套复杂的多层免疫系统来保护自己免受潜在病原体的攻击（Dodds & Rathjen, 2010; Jones et al.）当病原体感染寄主植物时，植物首先会显著上调致病相关（PR）基因的表达，以启动第一道防线（Fisher 等人，2012；Dos & Franco，2023）。目前，根据结构相似性和功能活性已发现了 19 类 PR 蛋白（Dos & Franco, 2023; Li 等人，2023），其中从 Thaumatococcus danielli 中分离出的甜味潮霉素同源物潮霉素样蛋白（TLPs）属于 PR-5 家族（Liu 等人，2019；Nawrot 等人，2021）。研究表明，TLPs 在植物对生物和非生物胁迫的反应中起着至关重要的作用。例如，在小麦中稳定表达 TaTLP1 可增强对铂和普通根腐病的抗性（Cui 等人，2021 年）。烟草中过表达 AnTLP13 可增强其对低温胁迫的耐受性（Liu 等，2023 年）。小麦 TaLr35PR5 参与了小麦成株对叶锈病的 Lr35 介导的防御反应（Zhang 等，2018）。沉默 GhTLP19 会使棉花对干旱和大丽花轮纹病更加敏感，而在转基因拟南芥中过表达 GhTLP19 则会增强耐旱性（Li 等人，2020）。从香蕉中纯化的 TLP 蛋白通过诱导真菌的膜破坏和细胞壁瓦解而激发抗真菌活性（Jiao 等，2018 年）。目前，有关 TLPs 在真菌中功能的研究十分有限。小麦叶锈病真菌中的效应蛋白PTTG_04779含有一个haumatin结构域，已被鉴定为AvrLr19的候选蛋白，可抑制烟草细胞中BAX诱导的程序性细胞死亡（Cui等，2023）。然而，真菌中的 TLP 蛋白对其致病性的影响尚未见报道。叶绿体在含氧光合作用和初级代谢中起着关键作用，是许多病原体错综复杂的毒力策略的重要目标。最近，人们认识到叶绿体是免疫信号传递的关键枢纽，是整合和解码环境信号的基本组成部分（Breen 等人，2022 年）。叶绿体到细胞核的逆行信号传递对于光合作用装置的高效运作和组装至关重要（Chan 等人，2016 年）。同样，叶绿体生长或代谢条件的改变也会导致细胞核中基因表达模式的显著改变（Koussevitzky 等人，2007 年），这表明叶绿体作为环境传感器的关键作用，它可以调节各种环境线索对特定核基因的转录调控（Li & Kim, 2022 年）。叶绿体参与次生代谢产物和防御化合物的生产，也是活性氧（ROS）产生、钙振荡以及水杨酸（SA）和茉莉酸（JA）等植物激素产生的场所，这些激素是植物防御机制中对抗生物营养性病原体（SA）和坏死性病原体（JA）的关键成分（Serrano et al、2016；Kretschmer 等人，2019；Kuzniak & Kopczewski，2020；Littlejohn 等人，2021；Yokochi 等人，2021；Bittner 等人，2022）。叶绿体合成植物激素和多种次级代谢产物的能力与逆行信号和活性氧信号相结合，使其在感知和应对生物胁迫方面具有极大的灵活性。因此，这些过程为病原体开发直接或间接针对 "叶绿体免疫 "的机制提供了大量机会（Littlejohn 等人，2021 年）。在宿主与病原体的相互作用过程中，细菌、卵菌和真菌等各种病原体会分泌效应蛋白，靶向干扰叶绿体的功能（de Torres 等人，2015 年；Xu 等人，2019 年；Irieda & Takano, 2021 年；Liu 等人，2021 年；Savage 等人，2021 年）。例如，纹枯病菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici）（Pst）效应蛋白 Pst_12806 转位到叶绿体中，与小麦 TaISp 蛋白的 C 端 Rieske 结构域相互作用，减少防御相关基因的表达、胼胝质沉积和 ROS 的产生，从而促进 Pst 感染（Xu 等人，2019 年）。
{"title":"A thaumatin-like effector protein suppresses the rust resistance of wheat and promotes the pathogenicity of Puccinia triticina by targeting TaRCA","authors":"Jiaying Chang, Johannes Mapuranga, Xiaodong Wang, Haijiao Dong, Ruolin Li, Yingdan Zhang, Hao Li, Jie Shi, Wenxiang Yang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20142","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Naturally, plants are continuously threatened by various biotic and abiotic stresses, and the most common biotic stresses include phytopathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi, etc. However, plants have developed a sophisticated multilayered immune system to protect themselves against attacks from potential pathogens (Dodds & Rathjen, <span>2010</span>; Jones <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). When a pathogen infects a host plant, plants first significantly upregulate the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes to initiate the first line of defense (Fisher <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>; Dos & Franco, <span>2023</span>). Currently, 19 classes of PR proteins have been discovered based on structural similarity and functional activity (Dos & Franco, <span>2023</span>; Li <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>), among which the sweet-tasting thaumatin homologs, thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) isolated from <i>Thaumatococcus danielli</i>, belong to the PR-5 family (Liu <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Nawrot <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Research indicates that TLPs play a crucial role in plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. For example, the stable expression of TaTLP1 in wheat enhanced resistance to <i>Pt</i> and common root rot (Cui <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). <i>AnTLP13</i> from <i>Ammopiptanthus nanus</i> localizes in the apoplast and overexpression of <i>AnTLP13</i> in tobacco enhanced its tolerance to low-temperature stress (Liu <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). Wheat TaLr35PR5 is involved in the <i>Lr35</i>-mediated defense response of adult wheat against leaf rust disease (Zhang <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>). Silencing of <i>GhTLP19</i> rendered cotton more sensitive to drought and <i>Verticillium dahlia</i>, whereas overexpressing it in transgenic <i>Arabidopsis</i> enhanced drought tolerance (Li <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>). TLP proteins purified from bananas trigger antifungal activity by inducing membrane disruption and cell wall disintegration in fungi (Jiao <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>). Currently, there is limited research on the function of TLPs in fungi. The effector protein PTTG_04779 in wheat leaf rust fungus contains a thaumatin domain and has been identified as a candidate protein for AvrLr19, which can inhibit BAX-induced programmed cell death in tobacco cells (Cui <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). However, the impact of TLP proteins in fungi on their pathogenicity has not been reported. Therefore, investigating the role of TLPs in the fungal pathogenic process is of significant importance for elucidating the pathogenic mechanism of the pathogen.</p>\u0000<p>The chloroplast plays a pivotal role in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism, which are important targets in the intricate virulence strategies of many pathogens. Recently, the chloroplast have been recognized as crucial hubs of immune signaling, serving as a fundamental component in the in","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142237068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrianus J. Westgeest, François Vasseur, Brian J. Enquist, Rubén Milla, Alicia Gómez‐Fernández, David Pot, Denis Vile, Cyrille Violle
SummaryUnderstanding trait–trait coordination is essential for successful plant breeding and crop modeling. Notably, plant size drives variation in morphological, physiological, and performance‐related traits, as described by allometric laws in ecology. Yet, as allometric relationships have been limitedly studied in crops, how they influence and possibly limit crop performance remains unknown. Here, we review how an allometry perspective on crops gains insights into the phenotypic evolution during crop domestication, the breeding of varieties adapted to novel conditions, and the prediction of crop yields. As allometry is an active field of research, modeling and manipulating crop allometric relationships can help to develop more resilient and productive agricultural systems to face future challenges.
{"title":"An allometry perspective on crops","authors":"Adrianus J. Westgeest, François Vasseur, Brian J. Enquist, Rubén Milla, Alicia Gómez‐Fernández, David Pot, Denis Vile, Cyrille Violle","doi":"10.1111/nph.20129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20129","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryUnderstanding trait–trait coordination is essential for successful plant breeding and crop modeling. Notably, plant size drives variation in morphological, physiological, and performance‐related traits, as described by allometric laws in ecology. Yet, as allometric relationships have been limitedly studied in crops, how they influence and possibly limit crop performance remains unknown. Here, we review how an allometry perspective on crops gains insights into the phenotypic evolution during crop domestication, the breeding of varieties adapted to novel conditions, and the prediction of crop yields. As allometry is an active field of research, modeling and manipulating crop allometric relationships can help to develop more resilient and productive agricultural systems to face future challenges.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SummarySessile plants harness mitochondria and chloroplasts to sense and adapt to diverse environmental stimuli. These complex processes involve the generation of pivotal signaling molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), phytohormones, volatiles, and diverse metabolites. Furthermore, the specific modulation of chloroplast proteins, through activation or deactivation, significantly enhances the plant's capacity to engage with its dynamic surroundings. While existing reviews have extensively covered the role of plastidial retrograde modules in developmental and light signaling, our focus lies in investigating how chloroplasts leverage photosynthetic ROS to navigate environmental fluctuations and counteract oxidative stress, thereby sustaining primary metabolism. Unraveling the nuanced interplay between photosynthetic ROS and plant stress responses holds promise for uncovering new insights that could reinforce stress resistance and optimize net photosynthesis rates. This exploration aspires to pave the way for innovative strategies to enhance plant resilience and agricultural productivity amidst changing environmental conditions.
{"title":"Photosynthetic ROS and retrograde signaling pathways","authors":"Keun Pyo Lee, Chanhong Kim","doi":"10.1111/nph.20134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20134","url":null,"abstract":"SummarySessile plants harness mitochondria and chloroplasts to sense and adapt to diverse environmental stimuli. These complex processes involve the generation of pivotal signaling molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), phytohormones, volatiles, and diverse metabolites. Furthermore, the specific modulation of chloroplast proteins, through activation or deactivation, significantly enhances the plant's capacity to engage with its dynamic surroundings. While existing reviews have extensively covered the role of plastidial retrograde modules in developmental and light signaling, our focus lies in investigating how chloroplasts leverage photosynthetic ROS to navigate environmental fluctuations and counteract oxidative stress, thereby sustaining primary metabolism. Unraveling the nuanced interplay between photosynthetic ROS and plant stress responses holds promise for uncovering new insights that could reinforce stress resistance and optimize net photosynthesis rates. This exploration aspires to pave the way for innovative strategies to enhance plant resilience and agricultural productivity amidst changing environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed O. Kamileen, Yoko Nakamura, Katrin Luck, Sarah Heinicke, Benke Hong, Maite Colinas, Benjamin R. Lichman, Sarah E. O'Connor
SummaryPlant‐specialized metabolism is largely driven by the oxidative tailoring of key chemical scaffolds catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP450s) enzymes. Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) tabersonine and pseudo‐tabersonine, found in the medicinal plant Tabernanthe iboga (commonly known as iboga), are tailored with oxidations, and the enzymes involved remain unknown.Here, we developed a streamlined screening strategy to test the activity of T. iboga CYP450s in Nicotiana benthamiana. Using multigene constructs encoding the biosynthesis of tabersonine and pseudo‐tabersonine scaffolds, we aimed to uncover the CYP450s responsible for oxidative transformations in these scaffolds.Our approach identified two T. iboga cytochrome P450 enzymes: pachysiphine synthase (PS) and 16‐hydroxy‐tabersonine synthase (T16H). These enzymes catalyze an epoxidation and site‐specific hydroxylation of tabersonine to produce pachysiphine and 16‐OH‐tabersonine, respectively.This work provides new insights into the biosynthetic pathways of MIAs and underscores the utility of N. benthamiana and Catharanthus roseus as platforms for the functional characterization of plant enzymes.
摘要 植物专一性代谢主要由细胞色素 P450（CYP450s）酶催化的关键化学支架的氧化定制驱动。在药用植物 Tabernanthe iboga（俗称伊博格）中发现的单萜吲哚生物碱（MIAs）tabersonine 和 pseudo-tabersonine，是通过氧化作用定制的，所涉及的酶仍然未知。在此，我们开发了一种简化的筛选策略，以测试烟草中 T. iboga CYP450s 的活性。利用多基因构建体编码塔巴索宁和假塔巴索宁支架的生物合成，我们旨在发现负责这些支架氧化转化的 CYP450s。我们的方法确定了两种 T. iboga 细胞色素 P450 酶：茯苓碱合成酶（PS）和 16-hydroxy-tabersonine 合成酶（T16H）。这些酶催化塔巴索碱的环氧化反应和特定位点羟基化反应，分别生成茯苓碱和 16-OH-塔巴索碱。这项工作为了解 MIAs 的生物合成途径提供了新的视角，并强调了将 N. benthamiana 和 Catharanthus roseus 作为植物酶功能表征平台的实用性。
{"title":"Streamlined screening platforms lead to the discovery of pachysiphine synthase from Tabernanthe iboga","authors":"Mohamed O. Kamileen, Yoko Nakamura, Katrin Luck, Sarah Heinicke, Benke Hong, Maite Colinas, Benjamin R. Lichman, Sarah E. O'Connor","doi":"10.1111/nph.20133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20133","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Plant‐specialized metabolism is largely driven by the oxidative tailoring of key chemical scaffolds catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP450s) enzymes. Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) tabersonine and pseudo‐tabersonine, found in the medicinal plant <jats:italic>Tabernanthe iboga</jats:italic> (commonly known as iboga), are tailored with oxidations, and the enzymes involved remain unknown.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here, we developed a streamlined screening strategy to test the activity of <jats:italic>T. iboga</jats:italic> CYP450s in <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana</jats:italic>. Using multigene constructs encoding the biosynthesis of tabersonine and pseudo‐tabersonine scaffolds, we aimed to uncover the CYP450s responsible for oxidative transformations in these scaffolds.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our approach identified two <jats:italic>T. iboga</jats:italic> cytochrome P450 enzymes: pachysiphine synthase (PS) and 16‐hydroxy‐tabersonine synthase (T16H). These enzymes catalyze an epoxidation and site‐specific hydroxylation of tabersonine to produce pachysiphine and 16‐OH‐tabersonine, respectively.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>This work provides new insights into the biosynthetic pathways of MIAs and underscores the utility of <jats:italic>N. benthamiana</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Catharanthus roseus</jats:italic> as platforms for the functional characterization of plant enzymes.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SummaryCDKs are the master regulator of cell division and their activity is controlled by the regulatory subunit cyclins and phosphorylation by the CAKs. However, the role of MAP kinases in regulating plant cell cycle or CDKs have not been explored.Here, we report that the MAP kinases OsMPK3, OsMPK4, and OsMPK6 physically interact and phosphorylate OsCDKD and its regulatory subunit OsCYCH in rice. MAP kinases phosphorylate CDKD at Ser‐168 and Thr‐235 residues in OsCDKD. The MAP kinase‐mediated phosphorylation of OsCDKD is required for its activation to control the small RNA biogenesis. The phosphodead version of OsCDKD fails to activate the C‐terminal domain of RNA Polymerase II, thereby negatively impacting small RNA transcription.Further, the overexpression lines of wild‐type (WT) OsCDKD and phosphomimic OsCDKD show increased root growth, plant height, tiller number, panicle number, and seed number in comparison to WT, phosphodead OsCDKD‐OE, and kinase‐dead OsCDKD‐OE plants.In a nutshell, our study establishes a novel regulation of OsCDKD by MAPK‐mediated phosphorylation in rice. The phosphorylation of OsCDKD by MAPKs imparts a positive effect on rice growth and development by regulating miRNAs transcription.
{"title":"The small RNA biogenesis in rice is regulated by MAP kinase‐mediated OsCDKD phosphorylation","authors":"Dhanraj Singh, Neetu Verma, Balakrishnan Rengasamy, Gopal Banerjee, Alok Krishna Sinha","doi":"10.1111/nph.20116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20116","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>CDKs are the master regulator of cell division and their activity is controlled by the regulatory subunit cyclins and phosphorylation by the CAKs. However, the role of MAP kinases in regulating plant cell cycle or CDKs have not been explored.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here, we report that the MAP kinases OsMPK3, OsMPK4, and OsMPK6 physically interact and phosphorylate OsCDKD and its regulatory subunit OsCYCH in rice. MAP kinases phosphorylate CDKD at Ser‐168 and Thr‐235 residues in OsCDKD. The MAP kinase‐mediated phosphorylation of OsCDKD is required for its activation to control the small RNA biogenesis. The phosphodead version of OsCDKD fails to activate the C‐terminal domain of RNA Polymerase II, thereby negatively impacting small RNA transcription.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Further, the overexpression lines of wild‐type (WT) <jats:italic>OsCDKD</jats:italic> and phosphomimic <jats:italic>OsCDKD</jats:italic> show increased root growth, plant height, tiller number, panicle number, and seed number in comparison to WT, phosphodead <jats:italic>OsCDKD</jats:italic>‐OE, and kinase‐dead <jats:italic>OsCDKD</jats:italic>‐OE plants.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In a nutshell, our study establishes a novel regulation of OsCDKD by MAPK‐mediated phosphorylation in rice. The phosphorylation of OsCDKD by MAPKs imparts a positive effect on rice growth and development by regulating miRNAs transcription.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142236225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div>The Earth's climate is changing rapidly, with temperature increases posing significant challenges to the biosphere. How the timing of life-history events in organisms, which is closely linked to many ecosystem functions, responds to increasing global temperatures is an emerging ecological frontier (Liu <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). In a recent <i>New Phytologist</i> article, Lu <i>et al</i>. (<span>2024</span>, doi: 10.1111/nph.20019) show that plant phenology responses to elevated temperatures level off with warming magnitude and experimental duration. This provides solid empirical evidence for the acclimation of plant phenology to higher and longer warming. <blockquote><p>‘In addition to the activities related to these recurring biological events, other ecosystem processes are likely to acclimate to climate warming as well.’</p> <div></div> </blockquote> </div> <p>Plant phenology has showed complex responses to climate warming, with implications for a wide range of ecosystem functions and services. However, whether the responses of plant phenophases will strengthen or weaken with greater degrees of warming or long-term warming remains a challenge for ecological research. Using a global meta-analysis of 103 experimental warming studies, Lu <i>et al</i>. show that: (1) the response of plant phenology levels off with increasing warming magnitude for herbaceous plants, but not for woody plants; and (2) warming effects on plant phenology also diminish with longer experimental duration, and the slowed rates are regulated by climatic factors. Although previous studies have already found the attenuated leaf-out response to rising warming magnitude in temperate species (Fu <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>), the study by Lu <i>et al</i>. provides new evidence for long-term thermal acclimation of different plant phenophases at the global scale. These findings highlight that as climate warming continues; shifts in plant phenology may be less than anticipated.</p> <p>In addition to the activities related to these recurring biological events, other ecosystem processes are likely to acclimate to climate warming as well. For example, it is well characterized that plant photosynthesis increases with temperature and reaches an optimum temperature, beyond which photosynthetic rates decline (Sendall <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). Gross primary production (GPP), which is jointly controlled by plant phenology and photosynthesis (Xia <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>), generally increases with temperature until it reaches an optimal temperature, beyond which GPP declines at higher temperatures (Fig. 1) (Huang <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). Similarly, recent studies suggest widespread optimum temperatures of respiration at leaves, microbes, and ecosystems to global scales (Niu <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). The widespread thermal optimality of GPP also leads to an optimum temperature of net ecosystem exchange
{"title":"Thermal acclimation of ecosystem processes to climate warming","authors":"Jinsong Wang, Shuli Niu","doi":"10.1111/nph.20131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20131","url":null,"abstract":"<div>The Earth's climate is changing rapidly, with temperature increases posing significant challenges to the biosphere. How the timing of life-history events in organisms, which is closely linked to many ecosystem functions, responds to increasing global temperatures is an emerging ecological frontier (Liu <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). In a recent <i>New Phytologist</i> article, Lu <i>et al</i>. (<span>2024</span>, doi: 10.1111/nph.20019) show that plant phenology responses to elevated temperatures level off with warming magnitude and experimental duration. This provides solid empirical evidence for the acclimation of plant phenology to higher and longer warming. <blockquote><p>‘In addition to the activities related to these recurring biological events, other ecosystem processes are likely to acclimate to climate warming as well.’</p>\u0000<div></div>\u0000</blockquote>\u0000</div>\u0000<p>Plant phenology has showed complex responses to climate warming, with implications for a wide range of ecosystem functions and services. However, whether the responses of plant phenophases will strengthen or weaken with greater degrees of warming or long-term warming remains a challenge for ecological research. Using a global meta-analysis of 103 experimental warming studies, Lu <i>et al</i>. show that: (1) the response of plant phenology levels off with increasing warming magnitude for herbaceous plants, but not for woody plants; and (2) warming effects on plant phenology also diminish with longer experimental duration, and the slowed rates are regulated by climatic factors. Although previous studies have already found the attenuated leaf-out response to rising warming magnitude in temperate species (Fu <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>), the study by Lu <i>et al</i>. provides new evidence for long-term thermal acclimation of different plant phenophases at the global scale. These findings highlight that as climate warming continues; shifts in plant phenology may be less than anticipated.</p>\u0000<p>In addition to the activities related to these recurring biological events, other ecosystem processes are likely to acclimate to climate warming as well. For example, it is well characterized that plant photosynthesis increases with temperature and reaches an optimum temperature, beyond which photosynthetic rates decline (Sendall <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). Gross primary production (GPP), which is jointly controlled by plant phenology and photosynthesis (Xia <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>), generally increases with temperature until it reaches an optimal temperature, beyond which GPP declines at higher temperatures (Fig. 1) (Huang <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). Similarly, recent studies suggest widespread optimum temperatures of respiration at leaves, microbes, and ecosystems to global scales (Niu <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). The widespread thermal optimality of GPP also leads to an optimum temperature of net ecosystem exchange","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriela Auge, Rohan Shawn Sunil, Robert A. Ingle, Puthan Valappil Rahul, Marek Mutwil, José M. Estevez
In an attempt to address the large inequities faced by the plant biology communities from the Global South (i.e. countries located around the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere) at international conferences, this Viewpoint is the reflexive thinking arising from the concurrent session titled ‘Arabidopsis and its translational research in the Global South’ organized at the International Conference of Arabidopsis Research 2023 (ICAR 2023) in Chiba, Japan in June 2023. Here, we highlight the main obstacles plant biology communities in the Global South face in terms of knowledge production, as measured by the unequal production and citation of publications, investigating and advancing local plant genomics and biodiversity, combating disparities in gender and diversity, and current initiatives to break isolation of scientists.
{"title":"Current challenges for plant biology research in the Global South","authors":"Gabriela Auge, Rohan Shawn Sunil, Robert A. Ingle, Puthan Valappil Rahul, Marek Mutwil, José M. Estevez","doi":"10.1111/nph.20083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20083","url":null,"abstract":"In an attempt to address the large inequities faced by the plant biology communities from the Global South (i.e. countries located around the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere) at international conferences, this Viewpoint is the reflexive thinking arising from the concurrent session titled ‘Arabidopsis and its translational research in the Global South’ organized at the International Conference of Arabidopsis Research 2023 (ICAR 2023) in Chiba, Japan in June 2023. Here, we highlight the main obstacles plant biology communities in the Global South face in terms of knowledge production, as measured by the unequal production and citation of publications, investigating and advancing local plant genomics and biodiversity, combating disparities in gender and diversity, and current initiatives to break isolation of scientists.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Errors in DNA replication that result in a change in the DNA sequence produce nucleotide variation in living organisms. Although nonsynonymous variants may cause genes to lose their function or develop new ones, some have no effect on the functions of genes. Advances in sequencing technology over the past two decades have revealed the full picture of DNA polymorphisms across a genome (Hu <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>), enabling the construction of genome-wide association study (GWAS) platforms in many organisms (Alseekh <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Identifying the causative single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the set of genome-wide DNA polymorphisms is a crucial step in genetic analysis, but also the most difficult (Witte, <span>2010</span>). Therefore, knowing the characteristics of nonsynonymous variants that affect gene function will be useful for finding causative SNVs in GWAS and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analyses, and will also contribute to resolving the pressing challenges facing agriculture and human healthcare.</p> <p>To analyze the characteristics of nonsynonymous variants (mutations) with large influences on gene function, we focused on the <i>S-locus receptor kinase</i> (<i>SRK</i>) gene, a gene whose protein product functions as the female determinant of self-incompatibility (SI) in the Brassicaceae (Stein <i>et al</i>., <span>1991</span>; Takasaki <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>). SI enables plants to avoid self-fertilization; by facilitating cross-fertilization, it avoids inbreeding depression and maintains genetic variation. About 40% of Angiosperm families show SI (McCubbin & Kao, <span>2000</span>; Barrett, <span>2002</span>; Igić & Kohn, <span>2006</span>). SI is usually determined by a single locus, the <i>S</i> locus, which contains several genes and forms a distinctive haplotype, called the <i>S</i> haplotype (Silva & Goring, <span>2001</span>). Population genetic theory predicts that many <i>S</i> haplotypes should be maintained, given that individuals possessing rare <i>S</i> haplotypes have more mating opportunities than those carrying common haplotypes (Wright, <span>1939</span>; Schierup, <span>1998</span>). Consistent with this, more than 50 <i>S</i> haplotypes, each of which shows different self-recognition activity, are known from cultivated <i>Brassica</i> species (Oikawa <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>; Yamamoto <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>).</p> <p>SI in the Brassicaceae is genetically controlled by two tightly linked, highly polymorphic genes within the <i>S</i> locus. <i>S-locus receptor kinase</i> (<i>SRK</i>) encodes a plasma membrane-localized receptor kinase expressed in stigmatic papillae cells (Stein <i>et al</i>., <span>1991</span>; Takasaki <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>) and <i>S-locus cysteine-rich protein</i>/<i>S-locus protein 11</i> (<i>SCR</i>/<i>SP11</i>, hereafter referred to as <i>SCR</i>) encodes a cysteine-rich peptide l
位于 AlSRKb 分子内部的氨基酸残基在不同 S 单倍型中高度保守，这些氨基酸残基的突变导致氨基酸特性发生显著变化，而这些变化与 SI 缺陷有关。我们的分析表明，在导致 SI 缺陷的突变中，AlSRKb 生物合成异常比导致自我识别活性丧失的突变更常见。此外，我们还利用随机森林（RandomForest）和极端梯度提升（Extreme Gradient Boosting）方法对 164 个突变进行了初步预测，从而得出了关于连作植物转化体 SI 表型的结论。
{"title":"Analysis of randomly mutated AlSRKb genes reveals that most loss-of-function mutations cause defects in plasma membrane localization","authors":"Masaya Yamamoto, Shotaro Ohtake, Akihisa Shinozawa, Matsuyuki Shirota, Yuki Mitsui, Hiroyasu Kitashiba","doi":"10.1111/nph.20111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20111","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Errors in DNA replication that result in a change in the DNA sequence produce nucleotide variation in living organisms. Although nonsynonymous variants may cause genes to lose their function or develop new ones, some have no effect on the functions of genes. Advances in sequencing technology over the past two decades have revealed the full picture of DNA polymorphisms across a genome (Hu <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>), enabling the construction of genome-wide association study (GWAS) platforms in many organisms (Alseekh <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Identifying the causative single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the set of genome-wide DNA polymorphisms is a crucial step in genetic analysis, but also the most difficult (Witte, <span>2010</span>). Therefore, knowing the characteristics of nonsynonymous variants that affect gene function will be useful for finding causative SNVs in GWAS and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analyses, and will also contribute to resolving the pressing challenges facing agriculture and human healthcare.</p>\u0000<p>To analyze the characteristics of nonsynonymous variants (mutations) with large influences on gene function, we focused on the <i>S-locus receptor kinase</i> (<i>SRK</i>) gene, a gene whose protein product functions as the female determinant of self-incompatibility (SI) in the Brassicaceae (Stein <i>et al</i>., <span>1991</span>; Takasaki <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>). SI enables plants to avoid self-fertilization; by facilitating cross-fertilization, it avoids inbreeding depression and maintains genetic variation. About 40% of Angiosperm families show SI (McCubbin & Kao, <span>2000</span>; Barrett, <span>2002</span>; Igić & Kohn, <span>2006</span>). SI is usually determined by a single locus, the <i>S</i> locus, which contains several genes and forms a distinctive haplotype, called the <i>S</i> haplotype (Silva & Goring, <span>2001</span>). Population genetic theory predicts that many <i>S</i> haplotypes should be maintained, given that individuals possessing rare <i>S</i> haplotypes have more mating opportunities than those carrying common haplotypes (Wright, <span>1939</span>; Schierup, <span>1998</span>). Consistent with this, more than 50 <i>S</i> haplotypes, each of which shows different self-recognition activity, are known from cultivated <i>Brassica</i> species (Oikawa <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>; Yamamoto <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>).</p>\u0000<p>SI in the Brassicaceae is genetically controlled by two tightly linked, highly polymorphic genes within the <i>S</i> locus. <i>S-locus receptor kinase</i> (<i>SRK</i>) encodes a plasma membrane-localized receptor kinase expressed in stigmatic papillae cells (Stein <i>et al</i>., <span>1991</span>; Takasaki <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>) and <i>S-locus cysteine-rich protein</i>/<i>S-locus protein 11</i> (<i>SCR</i>/<i>SP11</i>, hereafter referred to as <i>SCR</i>) encodes a cysteine-rich peptide l","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142237014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beatrice L. Harrison Day, Craig R. Brodersen, Timothy J. Brodribb
SummaryResolving the position of roots in the whole‐plant hierarchy of drought‐induced xylem embolism resistance is fundamental for predicting when species become isolated from soil water resources. Published research generally suggests that roots are the most vulnerable organ of the plant vascular system, although estimates vary significantly. However, our knowledge of root embolism excludes the fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) that form the bulk of total absorptive surface area of the root network for water and nutrient uptake.We measured fine root and stem xylem vulnerability in 10 vascular plant species from the major land plant clades (five angiosperms, three conifers, a fern and lycophyte), using standardised in situ methods (Optical Methods and MicroCT).Mean fine root embolism resistance across the network matched or exceeded stems in all study species. In six of these species (one fern, one lycophyte, three conifers and one angiosperm), fine roots were significantly more embolism resistant than stems. No clear relationship was found between root xylem conduit diameter and vulnerability.These results provide insight into the resistance of the plant hydraulic pathway at the site of water and nutrient uptake, and challenge the long‐standing assumption that fine roots are more vulnerable than stems.
{"title":"Weak link or strong foundation? Vulnerability of fine root networks and stems to xylem embolism","authors":"Beatrice L. Harrison Day, Craig R. Brodersen, Timothy J. Brodribb","doi":"10.1111/nph.20115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20115","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Resolving the position of roots in the whole‐plant hierarchy of drought‐induced xylem embolism resistance is fundamental for predicting when species become isolated from soil water resources. Published research generally suggests that roots are the most vulnerable organ of the plant vascular system, although estimates vary significantly. However, our knowledge of root embolism excludes the fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) that form the bulk of total absorptive surface area of the root network for water and nutrient uptake.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We measured fine root and stem xylem vulnerability in 10 vascular plant species from the major land plant clades (five angiosperms, three conifers, a fern and lycophyte), using standardised <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> methods (Optical Methods and MicroCT).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Mean fine root embolism resistance across the network matched or exceeded stems in all study species. In six of these species (one fern, one lycophyte, three conifers and one angiosperm), fine roots were significantly more embolism resistant than stems. No clear relationship was found between root xylem conduit diameter and vulnerability.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>These results provide insight into the resistance of the plant hydraulic pathway at the site of water and nutrient uptake, and challenge the long‐standing assumption that fine roots are more vulnerable than stems.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong Wang, Xiujun Xie, Wenhui Gu, Zhenbing Zheng, Jintao Zhuo, Zhizhuo Shao, Li Huan, Baoyu Zhang, Jianfeng Niu, Shan Gao, Xulei Wang, Guangce Wang
{"title":"Gene editing of economic macroalga Neopyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) will promote its development into a model species of marine algae","authors":"Hong Wang, Xiujun Xie, Wenhui Gu, Zhenbing Zheng, Jintao Zhuo, Zhizhuo Shao, Li Huan, Baoyu Zhang, Jianfeng Niu, Shan Gao, Xulei Wang, Guangce Wang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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