Advanced bench design and technical challenges in open pit mining: a comprehensive review of stability and productivity

This study provides a detailed review of the open pit mine planning process, focusing on the critical parameters that influence the stability, safety, and efficiency of mining operations. Historically, the importance of integrated mine planning and geomechanical understanding in bench design has been underestimated, leading to operational challenges. The primary objective of this review is to emphasize the significance of effective mine planning and design, highlighting key factors such as rock mass properties, bench geometry, stability considerations, blast design, and other operational elements that directly impact efficiency and safety. Optimizing bench design requires a careful balance of economic, geomechanical, and operational factors, including bench height, slope angle, blasting design, and equipment considerations, to enhance safety and productivity in open pit mining. Numerical modelling is crucial for simulating interactions between rock behavior, bench design, and mining processes, providing insights into stress distribution, material displacement, and potential failure mechanisms. Incorporating machine learning techniques in open pit mine planning introduces innovative solutions for design optimization. In conclusion, the paper proposes strategies for improving stability and productivity through integrated blasting protocols, advanced monitoring technologies, and machine learning for design optimization. Future research should focus on enhancing safety and productivity by refining modelling techniques and deepening the understanding of mine planning and design for sustainable mining operations.