Small protein ERSP encoded by LINC02870 promotes triple negative breast cancer progression via IRE1α/XBP1s activation

Clinical treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are currently limited to chemotherapy because of a lack of effective therapeutic targets. Recent evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) encode bioactive peptides or proteins, thereby playing noncanonical yet significant roles in regulating cellular processes. However, the potential of lncRNA-translated products in cancer progression remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified a previously undocumented small protein encoded by the lncRNA LINC02870. This protein is localized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and participates in ER stress, thus, we named it the endoplasmic reticulum stress protein (ERSP). ERSP was highly expressed in TNBC tissues, and elevated LINC02870 content was correlated with poor prognosis in TNBC patients. Loss of ERSP inhibited TNBC growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. The pro-oncogenic effects of ERSP could be attributed to its selective activation of the IRE1α/XBP1s branch. ERSP enhances the unfolded protein response (UPR) by interacting with XBP1s, facilitating the nuclear accumulation of XBP1s, thereby promoting the expression of ER stress-related genes. These findings highlight the regulatory role of the lncRNA-encoded protein ERSP in ER stress and suggest that it is a potential therapeutic target for TNBC.