Structural Engineering and Operando Characterization of Advanced Catalysts for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction

Atmospheric nitrogen fixation has been a cornerstone for ammonia synthesis for centuries, yet the Haber-Bosch process, despite its effectiveness, demands high energy input and accounts for about 450 million metric tons (Mt) of carbon dioxide emissions annually. The urgency to transition toward sustainable methodologies has propelled the development of electrochemical strategies for nitrogen reduction into ammonia, leveraging renewable energy and minimizing environmental impact. Developing new technologies and methodologies is crucial in the synthesis and characterization of advanced catalysts for green ammonia production. This review converges on advancements in promoting the catalyst’s performance through structural engineering with a focus on optimizing morphology, defect engineering, doping, and synergistic heterostructure. Moreover, the significance of operando characterization techniques in combination with theoretical models in elucidating reaction mechanisms and guiding catalyst design is underscored. By encapsulating the challenges such as low selectivity and energy efficiency that presently hinder wide-scale adoption, this comprehensive overview not only spotlights the latest research on electrocatalytic materials but also aims to foster innovation toward efficient, sustainable ammonia production solutions.