The cerebellar connectome

The cerebellum, once primarily associated with motor functions, has emerged as a critical component in higher cognitive processes and emotional regulation. This paradigm shift frames the cerebellum as an essential focal point for elucidating sophisticated functional brain circuitry. Network neuroscience often maintains a cortical-centric viewpoint, potentially overlooking the significant contributions of the cerebellum in connectome organization. Enhanced recognition and integration of cerebellar aspects in connectomic analyses hold significant potential for elucidating cerebellar circuitry within comprehensive brain networks and in neuropsychiatric conditions where cerebellar involvement is evident. This review explores the intricate anatomy, connectivity, and functional organization of the cerebellum within the broader context of large-scale brain networks. Cerebellar-specific networks are examined, emphasizing their role in supporting diverse cognitive functions via the cerebellum's hierarchical functional organization. The clinical significance of cerebellar connectomics is then addressed, highlighting the interplay between cerebellar circuitry and neurological and psychiatric conditions. The paper concludes by considering neurostimulation treatments and future directions in the field. This comprehensive review underscores the cerebellum's integral role in the human connectome.