Innovations in improving photovoltaic efficiency: A review of performance enhancement techniques

The growing demand for clean energy, driven by environmental concerns, has brought renewable energy technologies, particularly photovoltaic (PV) systems, to the forefront of sustainable energy generation. PV technology harnesses solar energy, a virtually unlimited resource, to meet global electricity needs. Despite the advantages of PV systems such as ease of installation, low maintenance costs, and rapid growth efficiency remains a critical factor in maximizing energy output. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art innovations in PV efficiency enhancement techniques, including cooling methods, mobile PV systems, integrated PV systems, material innovations, and optimization strategies. By examining the influence of environmental factors such as panel temperature, dust accumulation, and shading, the paper identifies key challenges and explores cutting-edge solutions to improve PV performance. A detailed exploration of recent advancements in PV materials, technological innovations, and operational optimizations is provided, based on an analysis of over 7,200 research papers published in the past three years. PV cooling techniques achieved an average efficiency of 83 % with liquid cooling and 74.2 % with heat pump cooling. Using phase change materials improved performance by 35.8 %, while hybrid cooling techniques reduced PV temperatures by an average of 10 °C. Nanofluids enhanced PV efficiency by 13.5 %, and heat-resistant coatings increased thermal efficiency by 16.57 %. Dust caused a 7.4 %–12.35 % power reduction. This review aims to offer insights into the latest strategies for enhancing PV sustainability and efficiency, contributing to the continued advancement of solar energy technologies.