Assessing the environmental and socio-economic impacts of small-scale mining activities in the Atiwa East District of Ghana

Small-scale mining (SSM), encompassing the exploration, extraction, processing, and closure stages, significantly degrades the environment and poses risks to human health. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental and socio-economic impacts of SSM activities in the Atiwa East District of Ghana through three key objectives: analyzing mining methods, assessing waste generation and management practices, and examining environmental and socio-economic consequences. A total of 210 respondents were selected using random and purposive sampling techniques. The findings revealed that most miners acquired their lands through purchases from family heads or private individuals. Mining activities predominantly occurred in forested areas, involving alluvial/surface and underground gold mining techniques. The primary waste products identified were overburden, gravel, and wastewater. Across six Small-scale mining sites, the study documented 50 overburden heaps with a combined volume of 610,933.22 cubic feet and 49 gravel heaps totaling 75,784.43 cubic feet. The environmental impacts of SSM were significant, including the destruction of crops, soil infertility, and widespread pollution, such as contamination of the Birim River, with pollution levels exceeding WHO guidelines. These environmental challenges have led to socio-economic issues, such as unemployment, rising living costs, and increased land pressure. Additionally, social problems, including substance abuse, teenage pregnancies, and disruptions to education, were observed. This study highlights the severe environmental and societal consequences of small-scale mining and reiterates the need for sustainable practices aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1 (No Poverty), 2 (Zero Hunger), and 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).