Recent Developments in Catalytic CO2-to-Ethanol Conversion Technologies

This review provides a comprehensive overview of current progress in catalytic technologies for converting CO₂ to ethanol, emphasizing the importance of sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. A range of methodologies is explored, including thermodynamic analysis, thermocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic approaches, while discussing fundamental reaction mechanisms and catalyst design strategies. Significant advancement has been made in the thermocatalytic hydrogenation of CO₂, with mixed metal and metal oxide catalysts achieving selectivities exceeding 90%. However, challenges remain in optimizing catalyst performance for enhanced selectivity and conversion rates. Electrocatalytic reduction offers a promising pathway, focusing on alkaline electrolytes and innovative catalyst designs such as Cu/Au and Al-Cu/Cu₂O. Meanwhile, photocatalytic systems harness solar energy, with various novel photocatalysts showing potential for high efficiency. This review aims to elucidate the current landscape and future perspectives on CO₂-to-ethanol conversion technologies, highlighting their potential role in sustainable energy solutions.