In-vitro and in-vivo assessments of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles from Cascabela thevetia plant extract for the treatment of ventricular septal defect

Nanotechnology holds great potential in personalized medicine and provides innovative approaches for health challenges such as cancer treatment, infectious diseases, and regenerative medicine. Potentially, greenly synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles from Cascabela thevetia can be widely applied in various biomedical applications. The cardiac glycosides present in C.thevetia enhance the therapeutic value, showing synergy between nanotechnology and phytochemical properties from nature toward biomedical development. This study highlights the in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of green-synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles from C.thevetia plant extract for the treatment of Ventricular septal defect. The methodology of study demonstrates that the plant sample of C.thevetia was collected from the botanical garden of the University of Punjab, Lahore, stored in a polythene bag, and sent to the Biotechnology lab of the University of Central Punjab for further experimentation. The plant leaves were properly washed with distilled water and shed-dried for 1 week then an extract of the plant was prepared using standard protocol. In-vivo studies were performed using the albino rats model to determine the efficacy of synthesized nanoparticles. Plant extract and FeCl₃ were mixed using 25 mM of 1:9 concentration to synthesize Fe3O₄ nanoparticles using ecofriendly methods. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM, and UV–visible spectroscopy were performed to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. Furthermore, Fe₃O₄NPs (Magnetite) were confirmed using UV visible spectroscopy value range and EDX analysis thus, subjected for their hemolytic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant properties using in vitro biological studies. The results proved an optimized synthesis of the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with a size of 47 nm analyzed by SEM and size calculated by Image J software. The particle size distribution graph was conducted using Originpro software. The antioxidant activity confirmed 96 % of DPPH inhibition and the anti-inflammatory activity confirmed the 70 % inhibition of egg albumin protein. Additionally, the anti-diabetic activity confirmed the 85 % inhibition of alpha-amylase, and hemolytic peptide activity was confirmed by 93 % inhibition. In-vivo studies revealed that rat's heart slightly treated cardiac morphology with no observation of ventricular septal defect considered the therapeutic potential of synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles confirmed by gross examination. Future studies include the performance of detailed cytotoxicity assays on selected cell types, the assessment of green synthesis scalability, and extended in-vivo safety. Each of these steps is intended to improve the nanoparticles for practical usability, and their sustainability in the healthcare industries.