A review on green synthesis and applications of CeO2 nanomaterials – An eco-friendly approach

Nanotechnology has been introduced in solving global problems in engineering, medicine, science, and pharmacy due to its large surface area-to-volume ratio. Conventional synthesis methods, such as chemical reduction, require hazardous chemicals and are cost-effective. However, green synthesis methods offer an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach. Its ability to easily transition between the Ce³⁺ and Ce⁴⁺ oxidation states, which promotes redox reactions, accounts for its exceptional catalytic activity. Additionally, CeO₂ has remarkable antioxidant properties due to its ability to reduce oxidative stress and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review focuses on the green synthesis of CeO₂ nanomaterials using various biological sources. The review further covers their emerging applications in photocatalytic dye degradation and potential biological applications along with mechanisms. This review serves as a guide for researchers interested in the green synthesis of CeO₂ nanomaterials and recent advances and applications. Improving the functioning of nanoparticles for cutting-edge applications, standardizing synthesis techniques, and expanding biological sources are all areas that hold promise for the future.