Exploring the potential of industrial and municipal wastes for the development of alternative fuel source: A review

The recovery of resources from industrial and domestic waste presents prospects for the recovery of materials and energy, with the production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) becoming a significant approach. This review addresses the possibilities of different wastes serving as alternative fuels for energy intensive industries, especially in power generation and cement production, emphasising the calorific value and compositional components which influence the suitability of the waste. A comprehensive analysis of municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and agricultural residues revealed significant insights, indicating that plastic and tire waste, characterised by increased calorific values, are particularly appropriate for RDF, yet necessitating stringent emission management. Conversely, organic wastes characterised by reduced calorific values, like food waste, may be improved via pretreatment methods. The research indicates that the integration of RDF with conventional fuels or biomass enhances the calorific value for industrial uses. Insights emphasise the capability of solid waste to serve as an alternative to fossil fuels while stressing the significance of optimisation approaches to manage the variability in waste composition. The review underscores the importance of further research on RDF's economic viability and environmental impact to provide a comprehensive understanding for stakeholders.