{"title":"将树的两个副本打包成一个约束最大度的二部图","authors":"Hui Li, Yunshu Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.dam.2025.01.019","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For a bipartite graph <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, we use <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> to denote the maximal degree of the vertices in the sets <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> in <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span>, respectively. Let the tree <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> be an <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-bipartite graph of order <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>. We prove that if <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow><mo>≤</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, then there is a 2-packing <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>τ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> of <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span> in some complete bipartite graph <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> such that for each <span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>}</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>∪</mo><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> is at most <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>⊆</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. This result is sharp because <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> cannot be reduced any further. By applying this result, we deduce a corollary for the existence of packing of three bipartite graphs into complete bipartite graphs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50573,"journal":{"name":"Discrete Applied Mathematics","volume":"366 ","pages":"Pages 23-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Packing two copies of a tree into a bipartite graph with restrained maximum degree\",\"authors\":\"Hui Li, Yunshu Gao\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.dam.2025.01.019\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>For a bipartite graph <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, we use <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> to denote the maximal degree of the vertices in the sets <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> in <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span>, respectively. Let the tree <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> be an <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-bipartite graph of order <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>. We prove that if <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow><mo>≤</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, then there is a 2-packing <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>τ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> of <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span> in some complete bipartite graph <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> such that for each <span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>}</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>∪</mo><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> is at most <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>⊆</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. This result is sharp because <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> cannot be reduced any further. By applying this result, we deduce a corollary for the existence of packing of three bipartite graphs into complete bipartite graphs.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":50573,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Discrete Applied Mathematics\",\"volume\":\"366 \",\"pages\":\"Pages 23-34\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-05-15\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Discrete Applied Mathematics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"100\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166218X2500023X\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"数学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/1/18 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"MATHEMATICS, APPLIED\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Discrete Applied Mathematics","FirstCategoryId":"100","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166218X2500023X","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/18 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"MATHEMATICS, APPLIED","Score":null,"Total":0}
Packing two copies of a tree into a bipartite graph with restrained maximum degree
For a bipartite graph , we use and to denote the maximal degree of the vertices in the sets and in , respectively. Let the tree be an -bipartite graph of order . We prove that if , then there is a 2-packing of in some complete bipartite graph such that for each , is at most , where . This result is sharp because cannot be reduced any further. By applying this result, we deduce a corollary for the existence of packing of three bipartite graphs into complete bipartite graphs.
期刊介绍:
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