将树的两个副本打包成一个约束最大度的二部图

IF 1.1 3区 数学 Q3 MATHEMATICS, APPLIED Discrete Applied Mathematics Pub Date : 2025-05-15 Epub Date: 2025-01-18 DOI:10.1016/j.dam.2025.01.019
Hui Li, Yunshu Gao
{"title":"将树的两个副本打包成一个约束最大度的二部图","authors":"Hui Li,&nbsp;Yunshu Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.dam.2025.01.019","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For a bipartite graph <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, we use <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> to denote the maximal degree of the vertices in the sets <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> in <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span>, respectively. Let the tree <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> be an <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-bipartite graph of order <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>. We prove that if <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow><mo>≤</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, then there is a 2-packing <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>τ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> of <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span> in some complete bipartite graph <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> such that for each <span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>}</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>∪</mo><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> is at most <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>⊆</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. This result is sharp because <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> cannot be reduced any further. By applying this result, we deduce a corollary for the existence of packing of three bipartite graphs into complete bipartite graphs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50573,"journal":{"name":"Discrete Applied Mathematics","volume":"366 ","pages":"Pages 23-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Packing two copies of a tree into a bipartite graph with restrained maximum degree\",\"authors\":\"Hui Li,&nbsp;Yunshu Gao\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.dam.2025.01.019\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>For a bipartite graph <span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, we use <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> to denote the maximal degree of the vertices in the sets <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> in <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span>, respectively. Let the tree <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> be an <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-bipartite graph of order <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>. We prove that if <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow><mo>≤</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, then there is a 2-packing <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>τ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> of <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span> in some complete bipartite graph <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> such that for each <span><math><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>}</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>∪</mo><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> is at most <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>⊆</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. This result is sharp because <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> cannot be reduced any further. By applying this result, we deduce a corollary for the existence of packing of three bipartite graphs into complete bipartite graphs.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":50573,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Discrete Applied Mathematics\",\"volume\":\"366 \",\"pages\":\"Pages 23-34\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-05-15\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Discrete Applied Mathematics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"100\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166218X2500023X\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"数学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/1/18 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"MATHEMATICS, APPLIED\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Discrete Applied Mathematics","FirstCategoryId":"100","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166218X2500023X","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/18 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"MATHEMATICS, APPLIED","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

摘要

对于二部图G(U1,U2),我们分别用Δ1(G)和Δ2(G)表示G中集合U1和集合U2中顶点的最大度。设树T(V1,V2)是一个n阶的(a,b)二部图。证明如果|a−b|≤2,则在某完备二部图Bn+1(X1,X2)中存在T的2-填充(σ,τ),使得对于每一个i∈{1,2},Δi(σ(T)∪τ(T))不大于Δi(T)+2,其中Vi∈Xi(i=1,2)。这个结果很明显,因为Δi(T)+2不能再减少了。利用这一结果,我们推导出了三个二部图填入完全二部图的存在性的一个推论。
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Packing two copies of a tree into a bipartite graph with restrained maximum degree
For a bipartite graph G(U1,U2), we use Δ1(G) and Δ2(G) to denote the maximal degree of the vertices in the sets U1 and U2 in G, respectively. Let the tree T(V1,V2) be an (a,b)-bipartite graph of order n. We prove that if |ab|2, then there is a 2-packing (σ,τ) of T in some complete bipartite graph Bn+1(X1,X2) such that for each i{1,2}, Δi(σ(T)τ(T)) is at most Δi(T)+2, where ViXi(i=1,2). This result is sharp because Δi(T)+2 cannot be reduced any further. By applying this result, we deduce a corollary for the existence of packing of three bipartite graphs into complete bipartite graphs.
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来源期刊
Discrete Applied Mathematics
Discrete Applied Mathematics 数学-应用数学
CiteScore
2.30
自引率
9.10%
发文量
422
审稿时长
4.5 months
期刊介绍: The aim of Discrete Applied Mathematics is to bring together research papers in different areas of algorithmic and applicable discrete mathematics as well as applications of combinatorial mathematics to informatics and various areas of science and technology. Contributions presented to the journal can be research papers, short notes, surveys, and possibly research problems. The "Communications" section will be devoted to the fastest possible publication of recent research results that are checked and recommended for publication by a member of the Editorial Board. The journal will also publish a limited number of book announcements as well as proceedings of conferences. These proceedings will be fully refereed and adhere to the normal standards of the journal. Potential authors are advised to view the journal and the open calls-for-papers of special issues before submitting their manuscripts. Only high-quality, original work that is within the scope of the journal or the targeted special issue will be considered.
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